Scientific Cents

Making Observations Work with your partner Read the procedure carefully. Make a data table and a data chart to record your observations before you begin.

Making Observations To make a Data Table: QUANTITATIVE observations Observations of Pennies Label the type of observation Give your table a TITLE Make room for recording your DATA

Making Observations To make a Data Chart: QUALITATIVE observations Observations of Pennies Label the type of observation Give your chart a TITLE # of ???? 1 2 Make room for recording your DATA

Facts, Opinions, Inferences Fact –Is true for everyone Opinion –Personal belief that is not founded on proof Inference –Conclusion based on observation

The Pre-experiment Stage Asking Questions Developing Hypotheses

Watch & Listen Carefully

Research Questions Use effect or affect –How does ___?___ AFFECT ___?___ ? independent variable dependent variable –What is the EFFECT of ___?___ on ___?___ ? independent variable dependent variable

Scientific Cents Question How does the amount of soap in water affect how much water can be dropped on a penny? What is the effect of different amounts of soap on how much water a penny can hold? I.V. D.V.

Hypothesis Use an If, Then statement. If the independent variable changes, then the dependent variable will change.

Hypothesis If the amount of soap increases, then the amount of water will increase. If the amount of soap increases, then the amount water will decrease.

Experimental Stage Designing an Experiment Collecting Data

Watch & Listen Carefully

Experimental Design All variables must be identified –Independent / manipulated Water / soap mixture –Dependent / responding Number of drops –Controlled / constants Same size drop Same dropper ??????

Experimental Design All materials must be identified –Quantities

Experimental Design EVERY step must be explained –“test the penny” is not a step because there is no explanation of how to test. There must be an explanation of what data will be collected, and how it will be collected

Experimental Design Include how many trials will be conducted

Experimental Design Do not include: –Gather materials –Make a graph –Draw conclusions

Data Tables Mixture # 1 Mixture # 2 Mixture # Mean Record Dependent / Responding variable (Data) Here Show # Independent / Manipulated variable Show # of trials

Post Experimental Stage Data Analysis Drawing Conclusions

Post Experimental Stage Data Analysis Drawing Conclusions

Watch & Listen Carefully

Use appropriate scale and interval A comparison of ……. Include all independent / manipulated variables and label M 1 M 2 M 3 Type of Mixture Number of drops Show dependent / responding variable and unit of measurement Include a descriptive title Graphing Data

Look for Relationships Variables are related if one of them changes when the other changes. –If a change in one variable affects the other variable, then the two variables are related to one another. Direct relationship –Change in the same direction Indirect relationship –Change in opposite directions

Graphing the Reduced Data Bar graphs show us comparisons –Why was a bar graph an appropriate graph for our data?

Drawing Conclusions Data will support or not support your hypothesis Hypothesis is rejected or accepted –Never ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ Answer the original question –Use evidence (data) to back up what you say

Elaborating, Expanding, Applying Sources of error What else could be done?