PIA 2528 Foreign Aid Donors, Governance and Civil Society

Geographical Patterns: The Institutional Legacy Regional Groups Try to DIAGRAM the colonial structure for your part of the world and Discuss Colonialism and Illiberalism? Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil Society- Identify the (reading) source of pattern

Project Plan 1. Scope: defines what will be covered in a project 2. Resource: what can be used to meet the scope 3. Time: what tasks are to be undertaken and when. 4. Quality: the spread or deviation allowed from a desired standard. 5. Risk: defines in advance what may happen to drive the plan off course, and what will be done to recover the situation

The Project Cycle & Contracts Design Identifying nature of problem and possible solutions--specific needs and desired changes Appraisal (Mandatory) data needed to prepare project plan and measure completion

C OMMUNITY P ROJECT D ESIGN

The Project Cycle Analysis--collection of information Prediction Selection of preferred alternatives Measurement of Impact to determine contract fulfillment

Source: Project Management System, Practical Concepts, Inc., Washington, DC Project Objectives Achieved 3. Evaluation2. Execution 1. Design The Project Cycle

The Project Cycle and the Contract Analysis--collection of: Social Analysis targeted groups: women, minorities, indigenous peoples Economic Analysis--Cost Benefit Institutional Analysis Sustainability Organizational Requirements Recurrent Cost Implications Human Skills Needed Social Acceptance

The Project Cycle Analysis The Logical Framework: (LOGFRAME) If-then conditions Some donors have moved away from original Log- frame Was replaced by a system based on identifying Strategic Objectives, Intermediate Results, Impacts, Measurable Indicators, etc. That system was recently "de-emphasized." AID mission requests for funds were tied to promises of specific results Results Framework system is "under review."

Logical Framework

Performance Networks Practical Concepts, Incorporated Project Objectives Achieved 3. Evaluation2. Execution 1. Design Evaluation SystemReporting System Evaluations assess performance against plans and analyze causal linkages Progress indicators and formats for communicating project information Networks display performance plans over time ACHIEVEMENT EXCEPTION Project Management System Provides Management Tools to Support all Stages of the Project Cycle

The Log Frame

Message of the Day: Governance Focuses on Skills Project Assessment (Design, Monitoring and Evaluation The Project Cycle Tendering: Contracts vs. Grants IQCs and Cooperative Agreements The Logical Framework VIDEO The Logical Framework

Foreign Aid Prior to th Century sub-market loans and gifts of exchange 19 th Century Origins- Non-profits and Faith Based organizations World War I Humanitarian Aid- Governmental and Non-Governmental: Herbert Hoover’s American Relief Administration

American Relief Administration, 1921

Roosevelt Legacy Latin America Programs including Pan American Highway Technical Assistance- Independent Countries- Africa, Middle East and Asia Lend Lease, Food and Non-Military Support

Lend Lease Act of 1940 Military and Civilian Assistance VIDEO FDR’s “Arsenal of Democracy”

Truman Programs: Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan Point 4 Creation of a Standing Agency

Foreign Aid Goals: Political, Social and Economic Humanitarian- Prior to WWII Economic- Growth 1950s Social- Basic Needs- 1970s Policy Reform and State Restructuring- 1980s Human Resource Development- 1990s (From 1990 World Development Report to Millenium Development Goals) Governance 1990s Security Support- 2000s

Foreign Aid Goals Layered in like Barnacles on a ship

Foreign Aid: Terms-Review Official International Assistance vs. Private Assistance Foreign Aid- Loans vs. Grants Technical Assistance- Contracts vs. Grants Bilateral vs. Multilateral

Millennium Development Goals

Image vs. Reality

Or?

Governance: Reforms and Democracy The New Orthodoxy In Foreign Aid

Divisions Within the World Before 1989 North: Industrialist/ Developed Agriculture Regime Type Democratic or not Socialist vs. Capitalist South: LDC limited agric. Industry Underdeveloped Socialist or primitive capitalist Crony capitalism Patron-client

North vs. South?

Divisions Within the World Today Capitalist Developed States, North America, Parts of East Asia, Western Europe including settler states and Emerging States vs. “Everybody else” Millennium Challenge Account- Choose 15 poor, most market friendly countries. Millennium Development Goals- UN and Human Development Security and “Counter-Terrorism”- Religion and Rejection of “Western” Model

Defense, Diplomacy and Development

Foreign Aid By Volume

Foreign Aid by Share

Multilateral Issues: An Overview The Problem of Debt Stabilization vs. Conditionality Public Sector Reform Policy Reform Pressures Towards Democratic Governance The Security Debate

Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT’s)

Special Forces in Sahara Desert

Multilateral Issues IMF vs. World Bank vs. Bilateral Donors vs. UNDP Bridging Loans Sectoral Loans and Grants Project Grants International Requirements vs. domestic political response

A View from the South

A Target for Auction

A Revisionist View

What is the problem? Discussion

Foreign Aid vs. Technical Assistance: Summary Current bias to international trade: Free Trade? Governance and Nation Building: Democracy? Millennium Development Goals- Human Resource Development? Millennium Challenge Account: Back to the future? Get the LDC economy back to the 1950s Dependent development Is it dependent and is it development?

Rumanian Cartoon

Foreign Aid vs. Technical Assistance (People) 1. Impact of culture on Change a. Corruption, clan and ethnicity b. Clans in Somalia and taxi drivers in Washington c. Debates about Privatization 2. Impact of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 3. The utility of the rational actor model for foreign aid- Can we escape bureaucratic politics for Clear Decision-making 4. Impact of Intellectual systems and ideologies influences and beliefs (Clash of Culture vs. End of History)

Governance Reforms Democratic Governance Stabilization and Conditionality Requirements- Free Trade and Open Currency Public Sector Reform Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption

Administrative Reforms Reform of the bureaucracy: Review a. Cutback the civil service the infamous 19% first cut b. Individual Consultants and Contractors work with investments and the service/commercial sector c. Privatization

Administrative Reforms: The World Bank Model 1. Strategic Planning and Management 2. Deregulation 3. Performance Management 4. Merit Recruitment 5. Decentralization: Development of Local Government and Support for Civil Society 6. Good Governance as Stability (Not Democracy)

Bureaucratic Politics

Problem of Efficiency

The Criticism of Foreign Aid “Dead Aid” Dambisa Moyo VIDEO

Coffee Break Fifteen Minutes

Ghana Democracy and Governance Program

Ghana- West Africa

Ghana Case Study of Civil Society Reforms Chapter 8, Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Lessons for the Next Half Century, (Picard, Robert Groelsema and Terry F. Buss, eds. (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2008), pp )

Government Accountability Builds Trust (GAIT)

USAID Ghana Activities Economic Growth Health Basic Education Democratic Governance

Ghana Water Project

Ghana USAID Activities Source: USAID/Ghana Country Strategic Plan ( ) Date Published: May 2003

Assessment Mission

USAID Country Plan-Ghana Seek eligibility for Millennium Challenge Account Investment (poor, per capita income below $1,415) Qualify- Good governance, market friendly-16 indicators Goal: Support Accelerated Economic Growth In place in 15 countries, 2005 or 2006 Fully up and running, 2008 at $5 billion per year Focus: Infrastructure

USAID Country Plan-Ghana Democratic Governance: SO 5 (Strategic Objective) Note: Currently no focus on civil service reform Two components: National and Local

Local Government Elections

Ghana Democracy and Governance-National Level Historically- Electoral Processes. Legislative Reform: Long term PSC (Personal Services Contractor- Legislative Specialist) National Civil Society Development

Local Level: Democracy and Governance Source: ASSESSMENT REPORT: “Government Accountability Improves Trust” (GAIT) Date: December 8, 2003 Non-Competitive Contract: Public Administration Service

Assessment Team: Mixed Team Kwesi Appiah: Ghana Consultant Robert J. Groelsema: USAID Washington (D&G) Avril Kudzi: USAID Ghana (D&G) Ted Lawrence: USAID Ghana (Legislative Specialist) Elsie Menorkpor (USAID Ghana (Education Specialist) Louis A. Picard (Team Leader)

Decentralized Governance: Status Contractor: Cooperative League of the United States of America (CLUSA) Operates in the U.S. as National Cooperative Business Association-Non- Profit Assessment Report: Submitted December 8, 2003

New Grant: Cooperative Agreement RFA (Request for Application) published December 18, 2003 (Competitive Bid) Applications Closed: February Grant Awarded: Estimate- April, year grant up to $11 million

Goal of GAIT* Promote Partnership between Civil Society Organizations and Local Government Institutional Structure: Creation of District Level Civic Unions to facilitate communication Concern: Sustainability of structures after project completed * Government Accountability Improves Trust

Nature of GAIT Activities Training and Workshops Technical assistance to Civic Unions and Local Governments Support public (town hall) style meetings Key: Activities support interface of LG and CSOs (E-governance)

Link with Other Donors: Civil Service and Decentralization Reform UNDP- Normally bids, provides technical assistance World Bank- EOP (Expression of Interest) invitation to bid (RFP) DANIDA (Denmark), CIDA (Canada), DFID- (UK), GTZ (Germany) interested in Governance Private Foundations: McArthur, Gates, Ford Foundation- re. E-Governance

Ghana: Second Focus: Decentralized Governance and E-Governance Leland Initiative Money: Ended in Two or three centers established. Not clear that this was mission priority (Focus: e-Governance) Assessment Report: Recommended Local Government/Civil Society “One Stop Shop” for dissemination of information Possibly Operated by Civic Unions

E: Governance Tele-cottage Model- widely used in Demnets (Democratic Network Organizations) in Eastern Europe Technical Assistance (poss. Peace Corps volunteer) Simple, on line publication and education programs (Logon- South Africa)

E-Governance

E-Governance- 2

E-Governance simple publications, posters, public information presentations simple software programs designed to demonstrate basic principles of governance Includes the use of advocacy, information rights, the functioning of district government bodies and administrators and the functioning of committees

Impact of E-Governance Limited evidence of community based civil society groups strengthened Problem: Private Sector Programs often more utilized Conclusion: Maybe a Dumb idea

Foreign Aid: Good Job Tonight? Foreign Aid and Security Danish Refugee Council VIDEO