SSWH4: The student will analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE.

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SSWH4: The student will analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE.

http://www.biography.com/people/genghis-khan- 9308634/videos/genghis-khan-a-ruthless-legacy-2202651761 http://www.biography.com/people/marco-polo- 9443861/videos/marco-polo-an-amazing-tale-2080070187

BYZANTINE EMPIRE: Eastern part of Roman Empire Capital: Constantinople (Modern day Istanbul, Turkey) Preserved Roman ideas & culture Key trading spot between Europe & Asia East and West grew apart b/c: distance and lack of communication West spoke Latin and East spoke Greek

JUSTINIAN: Justinian’s Code: -laws passed that modeled ancient Rome -spread to Western Europe, helped create international law Government: -Autocrat: sole ruler, complete authority Religion: -Orthodox Christianity

JUSTINIAN: FOCUSED ON THE ARTS: RELIGIOUS ART CHURCH BUILDINGS (MOST FAMOUS, HAGIA SOPHIA) PAGE 284

THEODORA Wife of Justinian Partner in politics, advisor Intelligent Challenged Justinian Pursued her own policies Increased role of women in society

RISE OF RUSSIAN EMPIRE: Extensive network of rivers provided transportation for both people & goods Helped link Russians to Byzantine Empire Kiev (present day capital of Ukraine) became cultural center of Russian Empire Adopted Orthodox Christianity Cyrillic Alphabet: used in Russia, based on Greek alphabet

RUSSIAN ART/ARCHITECTURE: Art, music, and architecture (domes) in Russia reflected Byzantine influence.

MONGOL RULE: Mongols: nomadic group that took over Russia Leader: Genghis Khan (united Mongol tribe) Golden Horde: burned Kiev & other towns Ruled for 150 years Took over brutally, but allowed the government to stay intact as long as they paid heavy tribute to the Mongol rulers.

MONGOL RULE: Genghis’s grandson who invaded China. Kublai Khan: Genghis’s grandson who invaded China. Took over the Chinese government and established an all- Mongol government.

MARCO POLO: Merchant from Italy who visited China during Mongol rule. Wrote a book describing how impressive the Mongols were. Made Europeans interested in China.

MOSCOW TAKES THE LEAD: Mongol power decreases, Moscow princes take over Ivan the Great (Ivan III): -absolute ruler -referred to himself as a tsar (Russian word for Caesar) Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV): -grandson of Ivan the Great -violent, trusted no one -left land in rebellion

THE GREAT SCHISM: 1054: Split in Christianity Argument arose between Church leaders. The Christian Church split into two parts: The Roman Catholic Church Western Europe Centered in Rome The Pope became the Leader The Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Europe Centered in Constantinople The Patriarch became the Leader

OTTOMAN EMPIRE: Ottomans: Turkish-speaking nomadic group (from Central Asia) Attempted to take over the crumbling Byzantine Empire, successful in 1453. Sieged Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul, and made it the capital of the Ottoman Empire