SOCIETY, CULTURE AND REFORM Unit 4 Ch Antebellum period

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Revivalism in New York Revivalism in New York 1823-Charles G. Finney appealed to emotions and fear of damnation 1823-Charles G. Finney appealed to emotions and fear of damnation All can be saved through faith and hard work All can be saved through faith and hard work Baptists and Methodists Baptists and Methodists South-preachers would travel from town to town and hold outdoor revival meetings South-preachers would travel from town to town and hold outdoor revival meetings By 1850; largest Protestant denominations in U.S. By 1850; largest Protestant denominations in U.S.

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Millennialism Millennialism Belief that world was about to end Belief that world was about to end William Miller set the date as Oct. 21,1844 William Miller set the date as Oct. 21,1844 Millerites would continue as Seventh-Day Adventist Millerites would continue as Seventh-Day Adventist Mormons Mormons Founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith Founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith Persecution forced them to flee west Persecution forced them to flee west When Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the group to Utah When Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the group to Utah

TRANSCENDENTALISTS Beliefs Beliefs Questioned church doctrine, capitalism, materialism, and the general pursuit of wealth Questioned church doctrine, capitalism, materialism, and the general pursuit of wealth Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson urged self-reliance, independent thinking, primacy of the spiritual over the material; anti-slavery urged self-reliance, independent thinking, primacy of the spiritual over the material; anti-slavery Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau Advocate of non-violent protest Advocate of non-violent protest Walden- book about observing nature to discover truths about life and the universe. Walden- book about observing nature to discover truths about life and the universe. Brook Farm Brook Farm George Ripley created the farm as an experiment in transcendental living George Ripley created the farm as an experiment in transcendental living It attracted many of New England’s elite It attracted many of New England’s elite

COMMUNAL EXPERIMENTS Shakers Shakers Common property; forbid marriage and sexual relations Common property; forbid marriage and sexual relations New Harmony New Harmony Secular experiment of Robert Owen Secular experiment of Robert Owen Hoped to create a utopia to solve the problems of industrial society Hoped to create a utopia to solve the problems of industrial society Oneida Community Oneida Community John Humphrey Noyes; dedicated to perfect social and economic equality John Humphrey Noyes; dedicated to perfect social and economic equality Fourier Phalanxes Fourier Phalanxes French socialist Charles Fourier advocated that people share work and living arrangements French socialist Charles Fourier advocated that people share work and living arrangements

ARTS AND LITERATURE Painting Painting Portrayed the lives of everyday people Portrayed the lives of everyday people The Hudson River school emphasized nature The Hudson River school emphasized nature Architecture Architecture Neoclassical: reflected ancient Greece with columned facades Neoclassical: reflected ancient Greece with columned facades Literature Literature Nationalistic though questioned intolerance and conformity; glorified frontier life Nationalistic though questioned intolerance and conformity; glorified frontier life James Fennimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville James Fennimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville

BOATMEN ON THE MISSOURI George Caleb Bingham

EVENING IN ARCADIA Thomas Cole

THE HORSE DEALERS William S. Mount

SUNSET Frederick Church

TEMPERANCE American Temperance Society (1826) American Temperance Society (1826) Founded by Protestant ministers and other concerned with high rates of alcohol consumption Founded by Protestant ministers and other concerned with high rates of alcohol consumption Washingtonians (1840) Washingtonians (1840) Argued that alcoholism was a disease Argued that alcoholism was a disease German and Irish immigrants opposed temperance German and Irish immigrants opposed temperance Factory owners and politicians supported temperance because it could reduce crime and make workers more productive Factory owners and politicians supported temperance because it could reduce crime and make workers more productive

PUBLIC ASYLUMS 1820s and 1830s saw an increasing number of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers 1820s and 1830s saw an increasing number of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers Mental hospitals Mental hospitals Dorthea Dix Dorthea Dix Mentally ill began receiving professional treatment Mentally ill began receiving professional treatment Schools for blind and deaf Schools for blind and deaf Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe Thomas Gallaudet Thomas Gallaudet Prisons Prisons Experimented with solitary confinement to reflect on sins Experimented with solitary confinement to reflect on sins Structure and discipline to bring about moral reform Structure and discipline to bring about moral reform

PUBLIC EDUCATION Free common schools Free common schools Motivated by fears of uneducated poor Motivated by fears of uneducated poor Horace Mann worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation Horace Mann worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation Moral education Moral education William Holmes McGuffrey created elementary textbooks that extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety William Holmes McGuffrey created elementary textbooks that extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality, and sobriety Catholic schools founded in response to the “Protestant” education Catholic schools founded in response to the “Protestant” education Higher education Higher education Small Protestant colleges were founded and some began to admit women Small Protestant colleges were founded and some began to admit women

CHANGING FAMILY City life changed the roles of men and women, especially among the middle class City life changed the roles of men and women, especially among the middle class Cult of domesticity Cult of domesticity Idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home and educators of children Idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home and educators of children

WOMEN’S RIGHTS Origins of movement Origins of movement Relegated to secondary roles in abolition movement and prohibited from speaking at public conventions Relegated to secondary roles in abolition movement and prohibited from speaking at public conventions Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Convention New York 1848 New York 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of Sentiments about laws and customs that discriminate against women Declaration of Sentiments about laws and customs that discriminate against women Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights

ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT American Colonization Society (1817) American Colonization Society (1817) Established a colony in Monrovia, Liberia for resettlement of former slaves Established a colony in Monrovia, Liberia for resettlement of former slaves American Antislavery Society (1831) American Antislavery Society (1831) William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator-advocated abolition by whatever means William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator-advocated abolition by whatever means Liberty party Liberty party Political party created to end slavery through political and legal means Political party created to end slavery through political and legal means James Birney ran as presidential candidate in 1840 &1844 James Birney ran as presidential candidate in 1840 &1844 Black abolitionists Black abolitionists Frederick Douglass,;freedom through non-violence; The North Star Frederick Douglass,;freedom through non-violence; The North Star Violent abolition Violent abolition Virgina slave Nat Turner led a rebellion of 50 men against 4 plantations Virgina slave Nat Turner led a rebellion of 50 men against 4 plantations 60 whites were killed- Turner was captured and killed 60 whites were killed- Turner was captured and killed

OTHER REFORMS American Peace Society American Peace Society Dietary reforms Dietary reforms Clothing reforms Clothing reforms Pseudoscience- phrenology Pseudoscience- phrenology

SOUTHERN REACTION TO REFORM Viewed reform as a conspiracy to destroy the Southern way of life Viewed reform as a conspiracy to destroy the Southern way of life