Industrialization

Background 0 With the U.S., France, and Latin America, political revolution brought in new governments. 0 From this the Industrial Revolution came to be. 0 Which refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s

0 Before the Industrial Revolution people would weave textiles by hand. 0 Then machines began to do this and many other jobs.

Industrial Revolution in Britain 0 The Industrial Revolution began in Britain. 0 Agricultural: After buying up the land of village farmers, wealthy land owners would experiment with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields.

0 First: Landowners tried new agricultural methods. 0 Second: they forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

0 Rotating Crops proved to be one of the best developments by the scientific farmers. 0 This improved upon the medieval three-field system.

0 EX: One year the farmer might plant wheat, then then next he would plant a root crop to replenish the soil with nutrients.

Why the Need for Change 0 In addition to a larger population of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources. 0 Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods, required resources.

0 Water power and coal to fuel new machines 0 Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings 0 Rivers for inland transportation 0 Harbors from which merchant ships set sail.

0 Along with its natural resources, Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization. 0 Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new inventions.

0 Britain’s highly developed banking system also contributed to the country’s industrialization.

Three Factors of Production 0 Extremely Important to have in an economy. 1. Land 2. Labor 3. Capital (wealth)

0 Without these the Industrial Revolution would have not survived.

Inventions Spur Industrialization 0 Inventions now revolutionized industry. 0 Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. 0 This industry was the first to be transformed. 0 One change in the textile industry was textile technology. 0 One invention led to another.

Flying Shuttle

Spinning wheel

Power Loom

0 These were bulky and expensive machines. They took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house. 0 Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories. 0 The first ones were built near rivers and streams.

Improvements in Transportation 0 The steam engine came to be in the search for a cheap, convenient source of power. 0 Coal miners were using steam powered pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts.

0 But the earlier model used a great amount of fuel, making it expensive to run. 0 Watt’s had an idea, he wanted the to find a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

Water/Road Transportation 0 Americans developed a steam boat. 0 In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a network of canals. 0 By the mid-1800s, 4,250 miles of inland channels slashed the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods.

0 British roads improved too. 0 By equipping roads beds with a layer of large stones for drainage, and then placed a layer of smoothed crushed rock. 0 With rainy weather, heavy wagons could travel without sinking. 0 People also maintained and operated roads for people to travel on and charge people. 0 These were called turnpikes or toll roads.

The Railway Age Begins 0 Steam-driven machinery powered English factories in the late 1700’s. 0 A steam engine on wheels drove English industry after Railroads became really popular really fast.

0 First it spurred industrial growth by giving manufactures a cheap way t transport materials and finished products. 0 Second, the railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners.

0 Third, the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries. 0 Finally, made travel easier, which encouraged country people to take distant city jobs. It also lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside.

Industrialization Changes Life 0 The pace of industrialization accelerated rapidly in Britain. 0 People could earn higher wages in factories than on farms.

0 With money more people could afford to heat their homes with coal and have beef. 0 They wore better clothes, which were woven on power looms. 0 Cities swelled with waves of job seekers.

Industrial Cities Rise 0 Before 1800, Europeans had lived in rural areas but after 1800, it shifted toward cities. 0 It was caused by growth of the factory system, where the manufacturing of goods was concentrated in a central location.

0 Most Europe’s urban areas at least doubles in population, some even quadrupled. 0 This time period was known as urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities.

0 Factories developed 0 Major new industrial centers sprang up 0 Problems also grew

0 Living Conditions 0 Because cities grew so fast they had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes. 0 They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection. 0 Streets had no drains and garbage collected on the streets.

Living Conditions 0 Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding into one bedroom. 0 Sickness was widespread, epidemics of the deadly disease cholera regularly swept through the slums.

0 In 1842, the average life span to be 17 years for working-class people in one large city compared with 38 years in a nearby rural area.

Working Conditions 0 To increase production, factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible. 0 The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week. (That’s and 84 hour work week) 0 It was also dangerous.

0 They were poorly lit or clean. 0 Machines injured workers: a boiler might explode or a drive belt might catch an arm. 0 In coal mines: accidents, damp conditions, and the constant breathing of coal dust made the average miner’s life span 10 years shorter than that of other workers. 0 Many women and children were also employed because they were the cheapest source of labor.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution 0 Despite the problems that followed industrialization, the Industrial Revolution had a number of positive effects.

0 It created jobs. 0 It contributed to the wealth of the nation. 0 It fostered technological progress and invention. 0 It greatly increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living. 0 It provided hope of improvements in people’s lives.