Industrialization (1865-1901) Chapter 3 Industrialization (1865-1901)

Objectives 1) Students will explain patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets & trade, the growth of major urban areas, and describe the geographic considerations that led to specialized industries. (TN US 1) 2) Students will describe changes in life that resulted from the inventions and innovations of big business leaders of the period. (TN US 6) 3) Students will analyze the impact of natural resources on America’s industrial growth – specifically, the oil industry.

Essential Question: WHAT FACTORS LED TO THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE LATE 1800S?

What is INDUSTRY? the use of machines and factories to produce goods Industrialization = When society comes to rely on the modern means of production, it is known as industrialization.

Chapter 3 Lesson 1: Technology & Industrial Growth Industrial Growth – What factors led to the expansion of industry? 1) Abundance of Natural Resources Forests=Timber, Rivers=Shipping/transportation/power Coal, Iron, Oil 2) Growing Workforce Large #s of Immigrants from Europe – Cheap labor force 3) Innovations & inventions Entrepreneurs develop new products Government Policies encourage development Laissez-faire capitalism – Business competition (or lack thereof) 4) Railroads Connect the nation’s industries

Abundance of Natural Resources Coal – coal mines in the East (Penn., Ohio) Provided fuel/energy for steam locomotives and factories Led to growth in railroads and industry Iron Used to make STEEL – stronger and lighter than iron; better for construction Bessemer Process = purify iron by heating it up to release carbon and other impurities; quick, easy way to make IRON into STEEL Building material for skyscrapers, elevators, and Bridges Oil Edwin Drake – first to drill for Oil in Pennsylvania, 1859 Oil drilling was cheap and efficient Oil could be refined and turned into Kerosene (first major consumer use), machine oil, & lubricant

Natural Resources Iron – Bessemer Process

IRON Steel – The Brooklyn Bridge (1883); Longest Bridge in the world at that time

Natural Resources Coal

Natural Resources COAL

Natural Resources Oil

Growing Workforce Growing labor supply for factories in cities European & Asian Immigration Why did large #s of immigrants migrate? - Push/Pull Factors Push Factors = political unrest, religious discrimination, & crop failures (famine) Pull Factors = JOBS, political & social freedoms Provided businesses with a large labor supply (unskilled mostly) Domestic Migration American Farmers faced drought and low prices by end of 19th century; Many left farms and moved to cities looking for work in industry.

Innovation Drives the Nation Entrepreneurs – people who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit Entrepreneurs invested in railroads, factories, and mines This created jobs and attracted foreign investments Innovation encouraged by government policies Laissez-faire capitalism – “Let Them Be”; Less government intervention means more production Patents were issued by the government to protect the ideas of inventors and entrepreneurs, in order to promote business growth and innovation Protective tariffs – tax on imported goods; Tariffs were favored by Northern industrialists because if tariffs were high, then foreign products would cost more than American made goods. This benefited American manufacturers by encouraging American consumers to buy American-made products. The government enforcing tariffs is known as “protectionism”

Innovations Thomas Edison – “The Wizard of Menlo Park”

Innovations Phonograph

Innovations Alexander Graham BELL - Telephone

Innovations Patents Issued in U.S.

Lesson 2 - Railroads Railroads Standard Time Linked the nation – cheap, quick, and efficient form of transportation New Innovations increased demand and use of Railroads George Westinghouse – air brakes Granville Woods – telegraph system Gustavus Swift – Refrigerated railroad cars Standard Time Prior to “railroad time”, each community had their own “local time” based on the position of the sun; Trains were constantly late 24 time zones for world – adopted in 1884 4 time zones in U.S. – Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern

A Spiral Of Growth Railroad expansion led to Industrial expansion Because they linked the nation, railroads allowed businesses to obtain raw materials and sell finished goods to more people Factory production led to more factory production MASS PRODUCTION – machines could produce more goods than ever before More people to buy goods; More industries to use goods & transportation

The Impact of Industrialization Linking World Markets 1880 – America is world’s leading exporter of grain, steel, & textiles Changing American Society Mechanized labor – less need for farm labor; moved to cities City factory workers could now afford clothes & supplies, that they had to make for themselves before Environment Changes Depletion of Natural Resources Soil Erosion Strip mining