Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 18

The Scientific Revolution The Geocentric Theory The Geocentric Theory Established by Ptolemy Established by Ptolemy Was thought to be true for 1,400 years Was thought to be true for 1,400 years The Heliocentric Theory The Heliocentric Theory Established by Copernicus Established by Copernicus Planets revolve around the sun Planets revolve around the sun His theory is proven correct His theory is proven correct Galileo makes advances in astronomy Galileo makes advances in astronomy Supports the heliocentric theory Supports the heliocentric theory

Ptolemy and his Universe

Copernicus and his Theory

Galileo

Major Scientific Discoveries Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler Planets move around the sun in ellipses Planets move around the sun in ellipses Isaac Newton Isaac Newton Theory of motion and Law of Gravity Theory of motion and Law of Gravity William Harvey William Harvey The heart pumps blood The heart pumps blood Edward Jenner Edward Jenner Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox Robert Boyle Robert Boyle Air is made of gases (Boyle’s Law) Air is made of gases (Boyle’s Law)

Johannes Kepler and his theory

Newton Jenner Boyle Harvey

The Scientific Method The Scientific Method The Scientific Method Series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories Series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Method Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Method

The Enlightenment What is the Enlightenment? What is the Enlightenment? Period of the mid 1600s-1700s Period of the mid 1600s-1700s Europeans believed “reason” could be used to make governments and society better Europeans believed “reason” could be used to make governments and society better “Reason” refers to education as opposed to tradition or faith “Reason” refers to education as opposed to tradition or faith

Enlightenment Thinkers – Hobbes and Locke Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) Distrusts people, favored a strong government Distrusts people, favored a strong government “Social Contract” – order by giving power to a monarch “Social Contract” – order by giving power to a monarch John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) Government gets power from the people Government gets power from the people People have the right to overthrow an unjust government People have the right to overthrow an unjust government Government must protect people’s “natural rights” Government must protect people’s “natural rights”

John Locke Thomas Hobbes

Important Thinkers Voltaire Voltaire Champion of freedom of speech and religious toleration Champion of freedom of speech and religious toleration Denis Diderot – Encyclopedia Denis Diderot – Encyclopedia Set of books on Enlightenment ideas Set of books on Enlightenment ideas Spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe Spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe Montesquieu Montesquieu Favored the separation of powers in government Favored the separation of powers in government Prevents one person from having too much power Prevents one person from having too much power

Important Thinkers (cont) Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Called for women to have equal rights as men Called for women to have equal rights as men Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract (1762) Wrote The Social Contract (1762) Everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wants Everyone in a society agrees to be governed by what society as a whole wants

Rousseau Wollstonecraft

Montesquieu Diderot Voltaire

Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened Despots Enlightened Despots Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas and values to strengthen their rule Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas and values to strengthen their rule Monarchs tried to reform their countries Monarchs tried to reform their countries Education Education Religious freedom, freedom of the press Religious freedom, freedom of the press Reform the justice system and abolish torture Reform the justice system and abolish torture The Enlightened Despots The Enlightened Despots Frederick the Great of Prussia Frederick the Great of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Joseph II of Austria Catherine the Great of Russia Catherine the Great of Russia Peter the Great of Russia Peter the Great of Russia

Frederick the Great Joseph II

Catherine the Great Peter the Great

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