AP World History Mr. Charnley

Nation-State Cultural homogeneity Citizen loyalty Common language and culture Political division Protestant Reformation Thirty Years’ War Seven Years’ War Consent of the governed

Political Reform Rise of science Collapse of feudalism Religious Warfare Thirty Years’ War Weakened power of church and nobility Increased power of monarchs

France Dissolved assemblies Destroyed castles of nobility Created bureaucracy Professional military

Louis XIV The ‘Sun King’ “I am the state” Promoted arts and sciences Palace of Versailles Mercantilism Promote domestic economy and taxation Avoid trade with foreign nations Colonies provide raw materials to, and trade exclusively with, mother country Religious persecution Revoked Edict of Nantes

Spain Imitated French model Tight control over Latin America Prussia Eastern Germany Strong army and bureaucracy Frederick I the Great Austria-Hungary Habsburgs Pushed Ottoman Empire out of Europe Maria Theresa Reformed education, military, economy Promoted agriculture and trade

Political Reform Monarchs shared power with representative assemblies Centralized state Assemblies made up of nobility and wealthy elites Representative bodies designed to protect interests of the citizens Revolts could overthrow bad rulers

England English Civil War 1642 Parliament vs. Monarch Charles I executed Oliver Cromwell becomes dictator 1680 religious toleration granted to all Protestants The Restoration Brought back monarchy Charles II Habeas Corpus Glorious Revolution Parliament stronger than the monarch William and Mary English Bill of Rights

Ottoman Empire Balkan Peninsula Habsburg Empire Austria Hungary Bohemia (Czech, Slovakia) Prussia Poland

Kievan Rus Mongolian tributary Duchy of Moscow Local princes worked for Mongols Russian nobility adopted Mongolian culture Maintained Christian religion

Kievan Rus Byzantine heritage ‘Third Rome’ Head of Greek Orthodox Church Ivan III the Great Freed Russia from Mongol control Militaristic Boyars Princes given land by czar for military service Owned peasants who lived on land = serfdom

Ivan IV the Terrible Oppressed boyars Expansionist Cossacks = Peasant warriors hired to conquer and settle new lands Multicultural empire

Romanov Dynasty Westernization Close cultural and economic ties to Europe Sold raw materials for manufactured goods Brought in European artists and architects Time of Troubles Civil war Foreign invasions = Poland and Sweden Boyars elect Romanov family as czar

Romanov Dynasty Michael Drove out foreign invaders Expansionist Ukraine Alexis Abolished boyar assemblies Placed Greek Orthodox Church under state control

Peter I the Great Westernization Military reform = professional army and navy and secret police Retain Russian culture Autocracy Centralized tsarist power Limited aristocratic influence Training institutions for bureaucrats Revised legal codes and tax system Expansionist Attacked Ottoman Empire = Crusader ideology Defeated Sweden = access to Baltic Sea

Westernization Economic Reform State-controlled manufacturing Used serfs as laborers Cultural Reform Improved upper-class women’s rights Western-style clothing Russian ballet

Westernization Reforms limited to upper- class Reforms were selective Controlled strictly by czar Excluded commoners Designed to empower government Intended to support military expansion Unpopular Commoners resented westernized nobility and new expenses Nobility preferred Russian culture to Western European

Catherine II the Great German-born = Prussian Westernization Enlightenment Legal reform Serfdom Increased power of boyars Enslavement of serfs

Catherine II the Great Expansionist Colonized Siberia Claimed Alaska Expeditions to California Foreign policy Partition of Poland Divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia

Major Themes Expansionist Serfdom Preserved local government ‘internal slavery’ Agriculturalism Powerful landowning aristocracy Resistant to urbanization and social mobility 95% of population was rural