FGM "female genital mutilation“ 2005 report for UNICEF that the word "mutilation" differentiates the procedure from male circumcision and stresses its severity.[8] By: Sozan Fathi

FGM World Health Organization (WHO) "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." female genital mutilation

History Girls in Ancient Egypt 163 B.C  Evidence from MUMMIES - both Type I and Type III - pharaonic circumcision might be a cultural relic from pre-monotheistic African tribal religions concentrated in Islamic areas the Qur'an –Islamic holy book, female genital cutting is not commanded "Circumcision is Sunnah for men and an honorable thing for women.“ Prophet Mohammad England and the United States- the 19th century to "cure" insanity, masturbation, and nymphomania Isaac Baker Brown (1812–1873) Sigmund Freud "Elimination of the clitoris is a prerequisite for the development of femininity." Note that the earliest evidence of male circumcision is also from Ancient Egypt.  Type 1 Circumcision is practised by a variety of Sunni Muslims- Sunna Circumcision Excessive Masturbation”- hypersexuality-nymphomania Isaac Baker Brown (1812–1873), an English gynaecologist who was president of the Medical Society of London in 1865, believed that the "unnatural irritation" of the clitoris caused epilepsy, hysteria, and mania, and would remove it "whenever he had the opportunity of doing so," according to an obituary.Brown died penniless after being expelled from the Obstetrical Society.[30]

classifications of FGM Type I : removal of the clitorial hood Type II : Clitoridectomy Type III: Infundibulation Type IV: miscellaneous acts

Type 1 and 2: The practice occurs particularly in northern Saudi Arabia,,southern Jordan, and northern Iraq (Kurdistan),  Syria, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, Indonesia improve sexual sensitivity and sexual pleasure Type II, often called excision, is partial or total removal of the clitoris and the inner labia or outer labia. Type IIa is removal of the inner labia only; Type IIb, partial or total removal of the clitoris and the inner labia; and Type IIc, partial or total removal of the clitoris, and the inner and outer labia

Type III  infibulation or pharaonic circumcision, is the removal of all external genitalia Left is a hole - for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, which is created by inserting a twig or rock salt into the wound legs are then tied together from hip to ankle for around 40 days to allow the wound to heal The immobility causes the labial tissue to bond, forming a wall of flesh and skin across the entire vulva pregnant woman who has not experienced FGM, the procedure is performed before she gives birth, because it is believed the baby may be stillborn if it touches her clitoris (inner and outer labia are cut away, with or without excision of the clitoris) Left is a hole (size of a matchstick) Type III "three feminine sorrows": the first sorrow is the procedure itself, followed by the wedding night when a woman with Type III has to be cut open, then childbirth when she has to be cut again Somalia, Djibouti and Guinea 98% Type 4 symbolic pricking or piercing of the clitoris or labia, to cauterization of the clitoris, cutting into the vagina to widen it (gishiri cutting), and introducing corrosive substances to tighten it. Ethiopia 

The penetration of the bride's infibulation takes anywhere from 3 or 4 days to several months. Some men are unable to penetrate their wives at all and the task is often accomplished by a midwife under conditions of great secrecy, since this reflects negatively on the man's potency. Some who are unable to penetrate their wives manage to get them pregnant in spite of the infibulation, and the woman's vaginal passage is then cut open to allow birth to take place. A great deal of marital anal intercourse takes place in cases where the wife can not be penetrated—quite logically in a culture where homosexual anal intercourse is a commonly accepted premarital recourse among men—but this is not readily discussed. Those men who do manage to penetrate their wives do so often, or perhaps always, with the help of the "little knife." This creates a tear which they gradually rip more and more until the opening is sufficient to admit the penis. In some women, the scar tissue is so hardened and overgrown with keloidal formations that it can only be cut with very strong surgical scissors

WHEN AND HOW girls a few days old to puberty By a traditional circumciser without anaesthesia Without sterile equipment using a knife, razor, scissors, cut glass, sharpened rocks, fingernails suturing material such as agave or acacia thorns an older woman known as a "gedda,",mother or grandmother, Nigeria and Egypt—by the local male barber

Prevalence 100–140 million women and girls around the world have experienced the procedure, including 92 million in Africa practised in 28 countries in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa in parts of Asia and the Middle East, and within some immigrant communities in Europe, North America, and Australasia

Prevalence Somalia, Djibouti and Guinea 98% Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Gambia, Mali, Sudan and Sierra Leone 90% Chad, Guina Bissau, Liberia, Kenya, Mauritania and Togo 50-70%

Immediate complications painful Bleeding – fatal (10%) Hypovolemic shock -fatal Acute urinary retention Urinary infection  Wound infection Septicemia Tetanus Hepatitis HIV   how girls who bleed excessively are regarded as witches

Late complications formation of scars and keloids damage to urethra and bladder with infections and incontinence vaginal and pelvic infections   Dysmenorrhes Dyspareunia INFERTILITY epidermoid cysts chronic pain Complete obstruction formation of scars and keloids can lead to strictures, obstruction or fistula formation of the urinary and genital tracts painful sexual intercourse Dyspareunia

Reinfibulation and defibulation Women may request reinfibulation (RI)—the restoration of the infibulation—after birth, cuts are made around the vagina, then sutures are put in place to tighten it to the size of a pinhole RI may also be carried out just before marriage, after divorce, or even in elderly women to prepare them for death Defibulation, or deinfibulation, is a surgical technique to reverse the closure of the vaginal opening after a Type III infibulation, and consists of a vertical cut opening up normal access to the vagina, removal of scar tissue and labial repair and a new clitoris

why Motherhood- not called"mother" when she has children if she is uncircumcised a newborn child has elements of both sexes- cleansed by the removal of "male” body parts unclean to handle food and water raising a girl properly a woman's genitals might continue to grow without FGM, until they dangle between her legs ensures pre-marital virginity and inhibits extra-marital sex, because it reduces women's libido clitoris are dangerous, capable of killing a man if his penis touches it, or a baby if the head comes into contact with it during birth, Women fear the pain of re-opening the vagina, and are afraid of being discovered if it is opened illicitly some areas of Africa, there exists the belief that a newborn child has elements of both sexes. In the male body the foreskin of the penis is considered to be the female element. In the female body the clitoris is considered to be the male element.

Non-practicing countries Sweden passed legislation in 1982, the first Western country to do so   USA 1996 International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation United Nations, February 6 (2003)

http://nowscape.com/islam/FGM- Africa1.htm

sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views _on_female_genital_mutilation http://nowscape.com/islam/FGM- Africa1.htm Amnesty international Unicef who http://www.islam.se/kvinnlig-omskarelse- konsstympning And more

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