engine 发动机 engineer infect v. infection n. infectious adj. scientific a. 科学的 science scientist n. examine v. 检查 exam --- examination n. conclude v. conclusion n. analyse v. analysis n. dead a. 死的 deadly a. 致命的 death n. die v. dying 垂死的

valuable a. valueless a. value n./v. add v. 增加 addition n. in addition --- besides (that) / apart from / what’s more certain adj. certainly adv. certainty n. announce v. 宣布 announcement n. instruct v 指示. instructive a. instruction n.

construct v. 建设 constructive a. construction n. contribute v. 贡献 contribution n. creative a. 有创造力的 create v. creation n.

co-operative a. 合作的 operative a. operate v. operation n. revolutionary a. 革命的 revolution n. calculate v. 计算 calculator n. calculation n. move v. 运动 movement n. backward 向后地  forward upward  downward northward  southward eastward  westward

brightness n. 明亮 bright a. enthusiastic a. 热心的 enthusiasm n. persuasive a. 有说服力的 persuade v. logical a. 合逻辑的 logic n.

Warming Up There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world. Can you name some of them? What kind of role do they play in the field of science ? Do these achievements have anything in common? Match the inventions with their inventors below before you answer all these questions.

Alexander Bell electricity Thomas Edison the First telephone Laite Brothers the electric Lamp Madame Curie black holes in Universe Franklin Theory of Gravity Steven Hawking the First Plane Elbert Einstein Radium Isaac Newton the Theory of Relativity

Quiz Questions (P1) 1. Archimedes, Ancient Greek ( BC), a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object. 阿基米德 (Archimedes)

2. Charles Darwin, Britain ( ) The Origin of Species was published in It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Charles Darwin

Darwin's book showed that people had developed from apes instead. So this caused a lot of argument between religious and scientific people. However Darwin's idea became very influential and is still accepted today.

3. Thomas Newcomen, British ( ) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.

4. Gregor Mendel, Czech ( ) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity( 遗传学 ) and inherited ( 继承, 承传 ) characteristics. He concentrated ( 集中精力 ) on cross- fertilizing ( 施肥 ) pea plants and analyzing the results. Between he grew 28,000 pea plants. Gregor Mendel

He examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inheritance ( 承传的规则 ). The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact ( 完整的 ). Second, he found that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young.

Third, some of these factors show up in the offspring ( 子孙 ) (and so are dominant 显性的 ). The other factors are masked by the dominant ones (and so are recessive 隐性的 ).

5. Marie Curie, Polish and French ( ) She was born in Poland and came to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1898 she discovered radium. She received two Nobel prizes, one ( with Pierre Curie ) for physics (1903) and one for chemistry (1911). Marie Curie

She is the only person to have been so honored. On the death of her husband she took over his job at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research.

She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne ( 索邦神学院 : 巴 黎大学前身 ).

6. Thomas Edison, American ( ) He was already an inventor of other electrical devices ( phonograph 电唱机, electric light bulb) when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station. This was a tremendous achievement, which had previously been thought impossible. Thomas Edison

7. Leonardo da Vinci, Italian ( ) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible. Leonardo da Vinci

Some of his famous paintings include "The Adoration of the Magi" and the "The Last Supper". Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.

8. Sir Humphry Davy, British ( ) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous( 麻醉 ) oxide( 氧化物 ) (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic( 麻 醉剂 ). In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners. Humphry Davy

keep miners safe: keep sb./sth. + adj./adv./p.p. 使 …… 处于, 保持某种状 态，宾补可以是 n./adj./adv./ 分词 / 介 词短语等.

9. Zhang Heng, Chinese ( ) He invented the first seismograph( 测震 仪、地震仪 ) to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder( 圆筒形 ) with eight dragonheads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth. 张衡 地动仪

Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragon's head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragon's mouth, making a noise.

10. Stephen Hawking, British (1942--) He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space. He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but, from time to time, throw out matter as well. Stephen Hawking

This may mark the beginning of new galaxies. This is an advance on the old theory which said that black holes "eat” everything they come across.

know about 了解 know of 听说 be known as … 作为 …… 而出名 a well-known doctor 著名的 think of a method 想出 think about 考虑 make up a question The boy made up a story. Make up for lost time. We made up the bed in the spare room for our guest.

得出结论： draw a conclusion come to a conclusion reach a conclusion arrive a conclusion She came to ____ conclusion that he had forgotten. A. a B. / C. the D. one

discover, invent, find, find out 1.Gilbert ________ electricity and Edison ________ the electric light bulb. 2.I ______ my pen in my desk. 3.Tom had been cheating and was __________ at last. discover invent found found out

put sth. forward: 提出 ( 意见 ); 建议 put sb. forward: 推荐 ; 提名 put away: 把 …… 收起来 ; 吃 / 喝掉 put down: 写下 ; 记下 ; 控制 ; 镇压 put in: 插嘴 ; 提出 ( 要求 ) put off: 延期 ; 推迟 put on: 演出 ; 穿上 ; 假装 put out: 熄灭 ; 扑灭；发表 ; 出版 put through: 接通某人 ( 电话 ); 打电话 put up: 举起 ; 搭起 ; 张贴 ; 推举 ; 接待

1.Li Hua put her name ______ for the 100 metres race. 2.Shall we put Mr. Willinton _______ as the candidate ( 候选人 ) for chairman of the committee? 3.Wait a minute, please. I have to put ________ a call to our Beijing office first. 4.They had to put the meeting ________ till the next day. down forward through off

5.The boy put the food ______ in the cupboard after he finished his dinner. 6. The firemen soon put the fire _____. 7. He put _____ his coat and went out. 8. Put ____ your hands if you can answer my questions. 9. “But what about us?” He put ____. away out on up in