Great Scientists Unit 1

characteristic radium painter put forward scientific draw a conclusion analyze/analyse cholera expert attend expose to cure challenge absorb suspect enquiry neighbourhood severe pump foresee /foresaw /foreseen blame pollute handle link …to announce instruct Revision

Do you know? 1.Who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float? 2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed? Archimedes Charles Darwin

3.Who invented the first steam engine? Thomas Newcomen 4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed form parents to their children? Gregor Mendel

5.Who discovered radium? 6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities? 7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people? Maries Curie Thomas Edison Leonardo da Vinci

8.Who invented a lamp to keep miner safe underground? 9. Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened? 10.Who put forward a theory about black holes? Sir Humphrey Davy Zhang Heng Stephen Hawking

Do you know? 发明蒸汽机的并不是瓦特，他改进了纽可 门的蒸气机并发明出双动作，使世界进入 “ 蒸气时代 ” 的，使他成为第一次工业革命 中的名气最大的发明家。

1865 年，修士孟德尔在一个会议上报告了他通 过长达八年的实验研究和他所统计的多达两万 一千多件样本的实验结果，利用豌豆实验发现 了植物的遗传规律，但是孟道尔的理论超出了 当时人们能够接受的水平。 35 年后，三个科学 家几乎是同时发现了植物遗传的规律。而当他 们准备发表论文，去查阅文献时，又不约而同 地发现，早在 35 年前孟德尔就发现这样的规律 了。他们三个人在发表论文时，都提到了孟德 尔的文章，称自己的工作是证实了孟德尔的定 律。这就是生物学史上的有名的 “ 孟德尔定律的 再发现 ” 。

英国化学家、诗人 汉弗莱 · 戴维。 1778 年出生。 他小时聪明、淘气，不喜欢读书，喜欢玩乐。 他不到 20 岁时，父亲去世。为了养家糊口，他 到当地一位医生那当学徒，从此接触并喜欢上 化学，因为觉得自己知识浅薄，他就自订计划 发奋用功，凭着他的天资和勤奋，很快掌握了 七种语言和不少科学知识，并最终成为了英国 皇家学会的主席。 1798 年戴维的名声随着他对 笑气的发现而传遍了整个英国。他还带病专门 研究火焰，发明了矿用安全灯（ 1816 ），这种 灯一直到今天仍叫戴维灯，曾挽救了成千上万 名矿工的生命。

John Snow defeats “King cholera”

John Snow British ( 1813~ 1858) a legendary( 传奇的 ) figure in the history of public health, epidemiology （流行病 学） and anesthesiology （麻醉 学）

What is Cholera? Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium. It infects people’s intestines( 肠 ), causing diarrhea( 腹 泻 ), vomiting and leg cramps.

Do you know what was this map used for in 1854? Finding out the cause of Cholera.

What happened in 1854? How many people died in 10 days? Why is there no death at No. 20 and 21 Broad Street as well as at No. 8 and 9 Cambridge Street? Task 1:Skimming

1. What happened in 1854? 2. How many people died in 10 days? Cholera outbreak hit London. 500

3. Why is there no death at No. 20 and 21 Broad Street as well as at No. 8 and 9 Cambridge Street? These families had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.

Task 2 Scanning

What’s the main idea of the passage? A.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London. B.The cause of Cholera was polluted water. C.The source of all drinking water should be examined. D.How did John Snow collect, analyze data and find the cause of the disease and solved it.

Task 3 Detailed reading

Read and answer: Paragraph 1: 1 Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first? Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. 2.True or false: 1. John Snow was glad to help ordinary people. 2. John Snow thought cholera would never be controlled. T F

John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________. A. gathering information with the help of a map B. looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street C. separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t D. both A and B E. both A and C Paragraph 3&4

Paragraph 2 1.What’s the two theories? In your words. 2.Which one is more reasonable?

Paragraph 3&4 What’s the result? He found the cause of cholera was the polluted water.

Paragraph 5 When the cause was found, what did the people do ？ Remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used.

Paragraph 6 What ’s the extra evidence? Two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.

Paragraph 7 What are John Snow’s suggestions? ① The source of all water supplies should be examined. （② New methods of dealing with polluted water should be found ）. ③ The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.

Mind Map of the text John Snow Defeats “King Cholera” Paragraph 1: Introduction of John Snow and Cholera Paragraph 2: Two theories Find a problem: What cause the cholera? Make a question: Which is right? Paragraph 3-5: Study of the outbreak in 1854

Think of a method: Test two theories Collect the result: Mark the death Analyse the result: Reason for death and no death Paragraph 6: Find the resource of the water Repeat if necessary: Find more supporting evidence. Draw a conclusion: Cholera was spread by germs Polluted water carried cholera

Paragraph 7: Prevention of Cholera John Snow defeats King Cholera

The passage is written as a report of an experiment and there are 7 steps: 1.Find a problem:( 发现问题 ) 2.Make up a question:( 形成研究主题 ) 3.Think of a method:( 找出研究方法 ) 4.Collect results:( 收集材料 ) 5.Analyse results:( 分析材料 ) 6.Repeat if necessary:( 必要时重新分析 ) 7.Draw a conclusion:( 得出结论 )

Read the passage again and finish Ex. 1(Page 3). The problem The causeIdea 1: Idea 2: The method Scientific Report by John Snow Nobody knew the cause of the serious disease of cholera a strange cloud of gas found its victims people absorbed the disease with meals Collect information from the cholera outbreak to prove which theory was correct

The results Idea 1 or 2? Why? The conclusion He found the cause of cholera was the polluted water Idea 2. Because the information showed that the dirty water carried cholera He defeated cholera by examining the water supply and dealing with the polluted water

Read the passage again and fill in the blanks: John Snow was a well-known ____ in London in the ___ century. He wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. In 1854 when a cholera ____ out, he began to gather information. He _____ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the ______ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested that the _____ of all water supplies be _______ and new methods of ________ with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated. doctor 19 th cause defeat broke marked pump source examineddealing (in 5 minutes)

Homework Master new words & expressions do exercise on page 4