Introduction to Environmental Engineering Dr. Kagan ERYURUK

Grading Midterm Midterm 15% 1 st Quiz 15% 1 st Quiz 15% 2 nd Quiz 15% 2 nd Quiz 15% Homework 15% Homework 55% Midterm exam 55% Midterm exam Final Final 100% Final exam 100% Final exam Grade = 60% midterm + 40% final

Text book and exams (Midterm & Final) Introduction to environmental engineering, P. Aarne Vesilind, Susan M. Morgan, Laure, G. Heine, Cengage Learning, Stamford, USA. Introduction to environmental engineering, P. Aarne Vesilind, Susan M. Morgan, Laure, G. Heine, Cengage Learning, Stamford, USA. Closed/open book section – short answer questions and problems covering concepts Closed/open book section – short answer questions and problems covering concepts Only text book (class notes) and non- programmable calculator allowed on open book section Only text book (class notes) and non- programmable calculator allowed on open book section No cell phones will be allowed as a calculator No cell phones will be allowed as a calculator

Policies You are responsible for everything covered in class, in the reading, and in the assigned homework problems. You are responsible for everything covered in class, in the reading, and in the assigned homework problems. No late homework accepted. No late homework accepted. No make-up exams, except for documented emergencies. No make-up exams, except for documented emergencies.

Policies Professional behavior expected Professional behavior expected – punctual – well mannered (polite), respectful and non-distractive – TURN CELL PHONES OFF IN CLASS! Academic dishonesty Academic dishonesty – representing the work of others as your own will result in a grade of 0.0 for the course. In most cases, formal disciplinary action of Sakarya University will also be initiated.

What is Environmental Science? Science can be differentiated into the social sciences and natural sciences. Science can be differentiated into the social sciences and natural sciences. Natural sciences include Natural sciences include – core sciences chemistry, biology, and physics. – numerous applied sciences such as geology, meteorology, forestry, and zoology. – environmental science is an integrative applied science that draws upon nearly all of the natural sciences to address environmental quality and health issues.

Environmental Engineering Defined (1) THE APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL, WITH EMPHASIS ON AIR, LAND, AND WATER RESOURCES AND THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PROTECTING AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

Environmental Engineering Defined (2) Environmental engineering uses environmental science principles, along with engineering concepts and techniques, to assess the impacts of public activities on the environment, of the environment on people, and to protect both human and environmental health.

Environmental Engineers Use Fundamental Engineering Principle to Solve Environmental Problems. Use Fundamental Engineering Principle to Solve Environmental Problems.

Environmental Engineering Job Opportunities Consulting firms of all sizes Consulting firms of all sizes – Research (Pilot Plant Studies, Treatability Studies) – Design – Problem Solving (Researcher) Government Government – Ministry of Environment and Urban Development – Municipalities (City or County Governments)

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Environmental Science and Engineering Groundwater contamination by leaking gasoline storage tanks; Groundwater contamination by leaking gasoline storage tanks; – hydrogeology – geochemistry – microbiology – hydraulics Urban air pollution Urban air pollution – Chemistry – Mechanical Engineer – Atmospheric Scientist

Primary Topics Core environmental science concepts Core environmental science concepts – chemistry – material and energy balances – ecosystems – risk assessment Hydrology and earth sciences Hydrology and earth sciences Water quality Water quality Water treatment Water treatment

Primary Topics (cont.) Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment Air pollution control Air pollution control Solid waste management Solid waste management Hazardous and industrial waste management Hazardous and industrial waste management

Environmental Systems Units of Measurement

Defining Systems Systems are defined by boundaries that distinguish between the elements of interest and the surroundings. Systems are defined by boundaries that distinguish between the elements of interest and the surroundings. Each element has a set of states or properties. Each element has a set of states or properties.

Types of Environmental Systems Isolated systems – no interaction with surroundings across the system boundary, only approximated under laboratory conditions. Isolated systems – no interaction with surroundings across the system boundary, only approximated under laboratory conditions. Closed systems – energy can be transferred across system boundaries, but matter can not. Closed systems – energy can be transferred across system boundaries, but matter can not. Open systems – both matter and energy can be transferred across boundary. Open systems – both matter and energy can be transferred across boundary.

Systems can be of any scale Global water cycle Global water cycle Regional aquifer Regional aquifer Lake Lake Vadose zone of an irrigated plot Vadose zone of an irrigated plot Beaker in a titration experiment Beaker in a titration experiment Raindrop Raindrop Bacterial cell Bacterial cell Monolayer of water on a particle surface Monolayer of water on a particle surface

Common Prefixes

1.Molar concentration molarity, M = moles of solute liter of solution moles of solute liter of solution Often used when solute is a solid Often used when solute is a liquid Concentration Units 2. Mass percent and volume percent

3. ppm, ppb, ppt Concentration Units 1 ppm 1 ppb 1 ppt molecules 1 in in in mass 1 mg/g 1 ng/g 1 pg/g mass/volume 1 mg/L 1 μg/L 1 ng/L 4. Mole fraction and mole percent mole fraction, X A = (no units) mole percent = X A · 100 n A n total

5. Molal concentration Concentration Units molality, m = moles of solute kg of solvent

SOLIDS Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of substance per mass of solid mixture, e.g. mg/kg,  g/g Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of substance per mass of solid mixture, e.g. mg/kg,  g/g 1 mg/kg = 1 mg-substance per kg solid 1 mg/kg = 1 mg-substance per kg solid = 1 part per million by weight = 1 part per million by weight = 1 ppm = 1 ppm

LIQUIDS Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of substance per unit volume of mixture, e.g. mg/L,  g/L, g/m 3 Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of substance per unit volume of mixture, e.g. mg/L,  g/L, g/m 3 Occasionally, molar concentrations, e.g. moles/liter (M) or equivalents/liter (N) Occasionally, molar concentrations, e.g. moles/liter (M) or equivalents/liter (N)

Perspectives on Concentration 1 ppm is one drop in 15 gallons 1 ppm is one drop in 15 gallons 1 ppb is one drop in a large swimming pool 1 ppb is one drop in a large swimming pool

Conversion of Liquid Concentrations For solutions and mixtures that are mostly water, 1kg of mixture = 1 liter (specific gravity = 1): For solutions and mixtures that are mostly water, 1kg of mixture = 1 liter (specific gravity = 1): – 1 mg/L = 1 g/m 3 = 1 ppm (by weight) – 1  g/L = 1 mg/m 3 = 1 ppb (by weight) For high concentrations, 1 kg  1 liter: For high concentrations, 1 kg  1 liter: – mg/L = ppm (by weight) × specific gravity of mixture

GASES Volume:volume ratio is used because concentrations are independent of pressure and temperature changes Volume:volume ratio is used because concentrations are independent of pressure and temperature changes

Volume of an Ideal Gas Ideal gas law: PV = nRT Ideal gas law: PV = nRT P = absolute pressure (atm) V = volume (L) n = mass (moles) R = gas constant = L·atm·K -1 ·mol -1 T = absolute temperature (K) K = °C + 273