BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS Ruth Haug, Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

Sudan today 33 mill people 2005: 6,5 mill displaced people (war, underdevelopment, drought) Oil fields: people fled in 2000/01 Peace agreement signed January 2005 Darfur conflict not included in the peace agreement

Causes of conflict Marginalisation/inequitable distribution Ethnic and cultural differences (Arabs- Africans) discrimination Religion (Sharia introduced in 1983) Fight over resouces (oil, water, minerals, land) Colonial influence (top down approach) Governance crisis in Khartoum

Peace agreement Power sharing: Government of National Unity, political autonomy S-Sudan Wealth sharing: oil 50-50% Military arrangements: 3 armed forces Boundaries: special arrangements in three states (Abyei, S Blue Nile, S) 6 years interim period then referendum Implementation (UN peace forces)

Peace building Peace making (January 2005) Peace keeping Peace building: Political, Livelihoods, Security More than half of all peace agreements fail and the parties drift back to war

Sustainable peace: What is needed? Fragile state Darfur National ownership of peace SPLM: Civil organisation Livelihood improvements No unified south identity Who will control the military International pressure and control

Livelihood improvements Address war distruction (IDPs, widows) Rebuild institutions and communities Coordination – chaos or both? Role of NGOs Strength of SPLM Food and capacity building

Food relief Contentious exercise Prone to external and internal bias Operation lifeline Sudan (UN/GoS/NGOs) Relief has not developed local capcity Relief has undermined local production

Livelihood improvements Misguided external aid pacify people NGOs/donors act as if there were no government Build educational capacity Improve health services Agriculture the only livelihood option Tenure security of prime importance Market constraints depress production Agricultural research and extension

Joint Assessment Mission (JAM) Agricultural components Cluster 4: Not related to Livelihood & Social Protection Weak analysis (cultivate 2% of 95% arable, soil is eroded by slash&burn) Recommendations (public& private patnership, fertilizer, rice cultivation) Technology, infrastructure, institutions, markets, agro-processing

Conclusion Reconstruction has to address the consequesces of war Sustainable peace has to be built from below by improving people’s livelihoods Agricultural development of crucial importance for food, income, growth and poverty reduction