The Renaissance, Reformation, Explorers and the Geography of Europe

Crusades Expeditions from 11th to the 13 centuries. Western European Christians wanted to take back the “Holy” lands from the Muslims. Main Idea: Opened trade routes from Western Europe to Asia and North Africa.

Rebirth of Europe Renaissance = Rebirth More interest in the ancient world. 14th-16th centuries Began at the Italian Peninsula 14th century- Italian Peninsula was split into city-states. Florence- Major trade city. New class of nobles called aristocrats. Earned wealth via money and goods and not land, unlike the nobles from the feudal system.

Learning and Arts Flourish Patrons were wealthy citizens who gave money to scholars and artists in order to increase the standing of their city- state. Became a competition among city-states. Wanted to attract the best known scholars and poets. Art was also transformed, it no longer focused on religious subjects. Some artists would paint or sculpt for wealthy patrons.

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Became well know for his painting but was also an inventor, engineer and scientist. Studied the workings of the human body, flow of water and the flight of birds. Sketched thousands of ideas such as: flying machines, parachutes, and submarines.

William Shakespeare Famous playwright, created Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. Wrote more than two dozen plays, including tragedies and comedies. Shakespeare’s work is among the most widely read in English, even though the language has changed a great deal since his death.

The Reformation 16th century movement to change church practices. Roman Catholicism was still the most powerful religion in Western Europe, however, the cultural innovation of the Renaissance changed the views of many people.

Martin Luther German monk (1483-1546) Luther spoke out against the wealth and corruption of the Catholic Church. Believed the practice of selling indulgences by the church was unethical. Indulgence- practice of forgiving sin in exchange for money 1517- Luther attacked the Church’s sale of indulgences and other practices. Excommunicated. Translated the Bible from Latin to German.

Protestantism Protestants- Luther’s followers who protested against the Catholic Church Conflict between the Protestants and the Catholic Church led to religious wars in 1555. Peace of Augsburg- German rules could decide the official religion of their own state.

The Counter Reformation 1545-1648 As a response to Protestantism, the Catholic Church launched its own movement called the Counter Reformation. The Church stopped selling indulgences and created a new religious order called the Society of Jesus or Jesuits. Jesuit missionaries and scholars worked to spread Catholic ideas across Europe, to Asia, and to the lands of the “new world” across the Atlantic Ocean.

Jacques “Pier” Marquette Jesuit priest who travelled to Michigan to convert people to Catholicism.

Geography of Europe Location: Mostly in the Eastern and Northern hemisphere Movement:

Geography of Europe Human Environment Interaction: Cultural Diffusion: Farming Netherlands Cultural Diffusion: Spread of Christianity in the Crusades. BBC Premier League Soccer

Climate of Europe Gulf Stream: A warm ocean current of the Northern Atlantic Ocean off Eastern North America. “Europe’s Central Heating” The Gulf Stream makes the climate of Western Europe milder in comparison to other areas with the same latitude.

Goals of Exploration Spice Trade- Great demand from Europe. Came from Asia. Spices helped preserve food and improve flavor. Italian merchants from Venice and Genoa controlled the Spice trade in Europe. Transporting goods was extremely costly and Europeans wanted to find a way to trade directly with Asia, so they searched for a new trading route.

Prince Henry the Navigator 1400’s- Portugal Sent explorers farther down the coast of Africa. Wanted to find a quicker route to Asia. The Portuguese continued to explore farther down the coast of Africa. Vasco da Gama lead a sea expedition all the way to Asia from Europe, by going south and around Africa. First Europeans to discover a sea route to Asia.

Christopher Columbus Italian explorer- Left Spain with 90 crew members and three ships- the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Niña. Instead of going south around Africa like the other explorers, Columbus went directly west of Spain, hoping to reach Asia quicker then the Portugal explorers. The Atlantic Ocean was much larger then predicted and on October 12th, 1492 Columbus thought he had found Asia but actually found a Caribbean island.

John Cabot King Henry VII of England did not want Portugal and Spain to claim all the riches of Asia. Italian-born John Cabot was sent to explore, he believed that a northern route across the Atlantic Ocean might be a shortcut to Asia. 1497-With only a small ship and 18 crew member, Cabot set out and sailed west of England, landing in present-day Newfoundland in Canada.

Ferdinand Magellan Still no closer to finding a quicker route to Asia. Spain launched another expedition in 1519 with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Five ships and 200+ sailors left Spain. As they traveled west, all the way down South America and across the Pacific Ocean, sailors died to starvation, disease and violent storms.

Ferdinand Magellan cont. After 18 months Magellan and his crew did reach the Philippines in Asia, however, shortly after they arrived a battle took place. Magellan had died and by the time the crew returned to Spain there were only 18 crew members and one boat. Magellan’s crew managed to circumnavigate, meaning they sailed completely around the world.

Outcomes of Exportation- Clash of Cultures With exploration came colonization. European countries founded many new colonies along the costal areas of Africa and North and South America. These conquered lands had indigenous peoples, meaning self-ruling populations who already lived there. Imperialism- practice of one country controlling the government and economy of another country or territory.

Religious Conversion The European leaders were all Christians and they wanted to spread their religious beliefs to conquered peoples. To do this, they sent missionaries and religious officials to convert them. European rulers hoped that by doing this they could overcome other powerful religions at the time.

Spread of Disease Without knowing it, the European explorers and colonists carried diseases with them, including small pox, malaria, and measles. These diseases killed tens of thousands of people in the Americas.

Slavery European exploration also lead to an expanding slave trade. The Portuguese purchased West Coast African people to work as slaves back in Portugal, where the work force had been reduced by plague. In Mexico and South America, Europeans forced conquered peoples to work the land where they lived.

Richard III King of England from 1452 – 22 August 1485 Died at the Battle of Bosworth Field. His defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, symbolizes the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the subject of the play Richard III by William Shakespeare. Scientists use DNA to identify remains http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/03/world/europe/richard- iii-search-announcement/

King Henry VIII Born June 28th, 1491- Died January 28th, 1547 King of England- April 21st, 1509 until his death Know for: Separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church

King Henry VIII cont. Six marriages: Catherine, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleaves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr King Henry VIII desperately wanted an heir to the throne. Roman Catholic Church did not allow annulment only based on King Henry’s wishes for an heir.