Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry

Organic Compounds Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others).

Organic Compounds Make up most of living organisms Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds

Carbon can form various bonds

Organic Compounds Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers)

Ring structured

Functional Groups Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds. These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. Elements include: H, O, S, N & P

Functional Groups -OH Hydroxyl group Found in alcohols E.g. Ethanol Polar

Functional Groups -COOH Carboxyl group Found in acids Polar E.g. Vinegar - acetic acid CH3COOH

Functional Groups Amino group -NH2 Found in bases E.g. Ammonia

Functional Groups -SH Sulfhydryl group Often referred to as a thiol group Found in Rubber - Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell.

Functional Groups Phosphate group -PO4 Found in ATP

Functional Groups Carbonyl group If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone

Functional Groups -COH Carbonyl group #1 The Aldehydes E.g. Formaldehyde

Functional Groups Carbonyl group #2 The Ketones -CO- E.g. acetone

Functional Groups TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What functional groups are in this molecule?

Test Your Knowledge… Name the functional groups

Test Your Knowledge… Name the functional groups Carbonyl group (Ketone) Amino group Carboxyl group Sulfhydryl group

Organic Compounds The 4 main types of organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Anabolic Reactions Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction) The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O). Energy absorbed

Making & Breaking Organic Compounds Catabolic Reactions Hydrolysis Reactions A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together. A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another Energy released

Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction. They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions.

Enzyme Action Example:

Isomers Isomers are molecules that have the same formula, but a different physical structure. Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are examples of isomers.

Isomers Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties. E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway.

Get ready for Carbohydrates! End Part I Get ready for Carbohydrates!

Carbohydrates Made of C, H, & O Main energy source for living things Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches

Carbohydrates An important class of biomolecules Makes up highest percentage of biomass than any other biomolecules Compounds that have reactive aldehyde or ketone functional group or multiple hydroxyl groups Carbohydrate : “Carbon” + “Hydrate” (In which the ratio of C : H : O is 1 : 2 : 1) Empirical formula : (CHO)n There are 3 major classes of Carbohydrate : Monosaccharide, Oligosaccharide and polysaccharide Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek)

Carbohydrates Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides Examples: glucose – in many plant and animal tissues, most common monosaccharide fructose – in many fruits galactose – component of milk

Carbohydrates Large molecules of many monosaccharide are polysaccharides Examples: glycogen – animals use to store excess sugar plant starch – plants use to store excess sugar cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity & strength

Lipids Store more energy than CHOs because the chains are longer Ex: Fats, oils, waxes Won’t dissolve in water

Lipids Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Steroids are lipids that act as chemical messengers

Lipids Many lipids are made from a glycerol combined with fatty acids If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is saturated Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room temperature) If any carbons have double or triple bonds, lipid is unsaturated Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil (usually liquid at room temperature)

Proteins Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen Formed from amino acids joined together More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!)

Proteins Chains are folded and twisted giving each protein a unique shape Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain protein’s shape Shape of protein is important to its function!

Proteins Provide structure Aid chemical activities in your body Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin, muscles & bones Aid chemical activities in your body Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up rxns in your body Transport substances into or out of cells Help fight diseases

Nucleic Acids Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides Nucleic Acid nucleotide

Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary information Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Carbohydrates are Made Of: C : H : O or CH2O 1 : 2 : 1 EX: C6H12O6 glucose- most common monosaccharide C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 − H2O

What functional groups are in carbohydrates?

What functional groups are in carbohydrates? Carbonyl aldehyde or ketone Hydroxyl

Names for Carbohydrates end in –ose “Sugars” Names for Carbohydrates end in –ose Monomers: monosaccharides

Structural formula Why would you choose one model over another? Abbreviated structure Space-filling model

Monomer of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Simple sugar -main use in body: fuel EX: glucose – most common galactose –milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides-single sugars –the monomer of carbos Disaccharides-double sugars Polysaccharides-many sugars

Carbohydrate Rings Disaccharide Monosaccharide Single sugar Double sugar

Disaccharides

Dehydration Synthesis of Carbohydrates What is removed? From what functional group?

Glycosidic Bond: covalent bond joining monosaccharides gly- or glu- are prefixes for “sweet”

Polysaccharide: many sugars

Polysaccharides macromolecules with a few to 1000 monosaccharides linked together

Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides: starch (from plants) and glycogen (from animals) Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of arthropods) and cellulose (in plant cell walls)

Starch Foods found in plants: Potatoes, wheat, corn, rice Found in plant roots

Glycogen ANIMAL STORAGE storage form of glucose Found in animal livers and muscle cells Foods: meats

Cellulose: plant cell walls stiff Us: good fiber Glucose polymer

Chitin Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose Exoskeleton of insects, crabs

Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? cellulose chitin glucose glycogen sucrose starch

Which is a monosaccharide? A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? Cellulose P Chitin P Glucose M Glycogen M Sucrose D Starch P