Basic Elements of Life Remember: CHNOPS C = Carbon H = Hydrogen N = Nitrogen O = Oxygen P = Phosphorus S = Sulfur

Four Macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates

Four Macromolecules: 2. Lipids

Four Macromolecules: 3. Proteins

Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit Example: Beads making up a necklace

Monomer Single molecule One subunit Example: Single bead for a necklace

Sugars and starches Elements present: Carbohydrate Also known as: Sugars and starches Elements present: How many of each element are present? C, H, O C=6, H=12, O=6 Ratio – 1:2:1

Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

Type of Carb: Monosaccharide Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar Example: Glucose or Fructose

Carbohydrate Functions #1 Immediate energy source Burn quickly

Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Stored Energy in plants

Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage

Positive Test: Grease Spot

Protein C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Elements present: C, H, O, N, and sometimes S R is the point of attachment for structures that make each amino acid unique

Protein: Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds Protein Polymer Protein: Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

Protein Monomers Amino Acid

Protein Structure

Proteins fold and fold and fold….

Proteins Function #1 Make up the structure and function of muscles

Proteins Function #2 Provides structure in hair, nails, and skin

Proteins Function #2-cont. Provides structure feathers and hooves

Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose. A single unit of sugar, monosaccharides are the smallest carbohydrates.Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar (hexose) is the sugar in our blood. Fructose, the sugar that sweetens fruit, and galactose, the sugar found in milk, have the same chemical formula as glucose and are therefore isomers of glucose. Isomers have the same composition but a different arrangement of their atoms and have different properties.

Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Two monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis to form a disaccharide molecule. Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water Lactose (milk sugar) Glucose + galactose = lactose + water Maltose (malt sugar) Glucose + glucose = maltose + water

Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. These long, chain-like polymers make ideal storage products due to their insolubility. Starch is the storage molecule synthesized from glucose by plants. Cellulose, which is also synthesized by plants for cell wall construction, is indigestible because we lack enzymes for it. Cellulose provides fiber to promote peristalsis. Glycogen is the carbohydrate storage molecule found in muscle and liver cells. When blood sugar levels drop, liver cells hydrolyze glycogen and release glucose to the blood.

What is homeostasis? The process of keeping the internal environment of the body stable while the outside world changes

Homeostasis The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

Homeostasis is maintained by Feedback Mechanisms Think of your thermostat at home: when the temperature drops, the heater turns on. When the temperature gets too hot, the A/C turns on.

One way an organism maintains homeostasis is by responding to its environment. How do worms respond to their environment?

Transpiration The upward movement of water from the roots to the leaves. As water is lost form the outer leaf tissues, water then moves in the water deficient cells from adjacent cells. This osmotic ripple effect occurs backwards from the leaves to the roots. Water is lost through the stomata, when they are open.

More than ninety percent of the water entering a plant evaporates into the atmosphere. A mature corn plant will transpire about fifteen liters of water per week

What factors affect transpiration? Light has a major effect on plants. During photosynthesis, the stomata must be open to allow CO2 to enter the leaf. Open stomata also allow a higher rate of transpiration. Turgor is a measure of water pressure in the plant Plants begin to wilt during times of water stress. During water stress, low turgor pressure leads to closing of the stomata. Closing of the stomata will end photosynthesis due to a lack of carbon dioxide entering the plant. This slows the plant’s metabolism.

Plant Responses: Phototropism* Plants response to light. Leaves will bend toward the light to maximum photosynthesis.

Auxins are a family of hormones found in plants Auxins are a family of hormones found in plants. Auxins are mostly made in the tips of the shoots and roots, and can diffuse to other parts of the shoots or roots. They change the rate of elongation in plant cells, controlling how long they become.

Gravitropism Positive Gravitropism: Roots grow down Negative Gravitropism: Stems grow against gravity Settling of dense particles (organelles called amyloplasts) in specialized cells causes Auxins to change the way that side of plant grows

Thigmotropism Plants response to touch In some plants, massive amounts of plant hormones (auxins) are generated when the plant comes in contact with something solid. These auxins can cause the plant to coil, to grow new tendrils, suckers, or even trigger movement.

What is homeostasis? The process of keeping the internal environment of the body stable while the outside world changes

Homeostasis The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

Homeostasis is maintained by Feedback Mechanisms Think of your thermostat at home: when the temperature drops, the heater turns on. When the temperature gets too hot, the A/C turns on.

Homeostasis: Maintaining blood sugar Negative Feedback Loop When blood sugar is too high, liver converts glucose to glycogen (for storage) When sugar is low, liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose

Homeostasis is maintained by Feedback Mechanisms Think of your thermostat at home: when the temperature drops, the heater turns on. When the temperature gets too hot, the A/C turns on.

When a change needs to happen - Positive Feedback For each change, a response occurs that increases the change A ripening banana releases a plant hormone ethylene Ethylene accelerates the ripening of unripe fruit in its vicinity, so nearby fruit also ripens, releasing more ethylene. All the fruit quickly becomes ripe together.