Gumbo New Orleans and its Musical Heritage

New Orleans and its people  New Orleans was the most cosmopolitan city in the 1800’s  It was an ethically mixed city, with three main groups  A. French -mostly Roman Catholics  B. Americans- Mostly Protestant  C Mixed races-other Europeans(Germans, Italians, Irish,etc.) Creoles of Color ( mixed raced black/white) Freed Slaves, Slaves, Chinese. Native Americans  By % of New Orleans population was foreign born  New Orleans was the Center of the U.S. Slave trade . New Orleans in built on a swamp and sanitation was poor. 50% of all non white children died before their first birthday, and adult life expectancy was short.  46 for whites  36 for non-white  New Orleans was the most cosmopolitan city in the 1800’s  It was an ethically mixed city, with three main groups  A. French -mostly Roman Catholics  B. Americans- Mostly Protestant  C Mixed races-other Europeans(Germans, Italians, Irish,etc.) Creoles of Color ( mixed raced black/white) Freed Slaves, Slaves, Chinese. Native Americans  By % of New Orleans population was foreign born  New Orleans was the Center of the U.S. Slave trade . New Orleans in built on a swamp and sanitation was poor. 50% of all non white children died before their first birthday, and adult life expectancy was short.  46 for whites  36 for non-white

Congo Square  Congo Square: New Orleans - Slaves meet on Sundays to sing and dance and share ideas. This allowed the sharing of musical ideas between many different groups of slaves. By the 1840 ’ s the music was a mixture of many styles, including African, European, Caribbean and American influences. Congo Square was an important mixing ground for black musical culture

Creoles of Color Creoles of Color - Mixed black and white race.  Mostly children of French fathers and their Black Mistresses.  Many Creoles of Color were well educated and prosperous.  Many lived in the “Down Town” section of New Orleans.  Many looked down on darker skinned blacks and many owned slaves  Many Creoles were trained musicians performing mostly European style music, and some with a Latin feel. Creole musicians performed many of styles of European dance music. Dance was a very popular activity in New Orleans. Creoles of Color - Mixed black and white race.  Mostly children of French fathers and their Black Mistresses.  Many Creoles of Color were well educated and prosperous.  Many lived in the “Down Town” section of New Orleans.  Many looked down on darker skinned blacks and many owned slaves  Many Creoles were trained musicians performing mostly European style music, and some with a Latin feel. Creole musicians performed many of styles of European dance music. Dance was a very popular activity in New Orleans.

Minstrel Shows  Minstrel shows were a very popular form on entertainment in the U.S. at this time.  A Minstrel show is like a modern day variety show (i.e. Saturday Night Live) with all types of different acts. White performers would perform “ Black Faced ” portraying blacks and stupid and simple minded. Minstrel Shows travel and perform all over the USA.  The first known Minstrel Song was “ Jim Crow ” by Thomas Dartmouth ” Daddy Rice ”  Minstrel shows were a very popular form on entertainment in the U.S. at this time.  A Minstrel show is like a modern day variety show (i.e. Saturday Night Live) with all types of different acts. White performers would perform “ Black Faced ” portraying blacks and stupid and simple minded. Minstrel Shows travel and perform all over the USA.  The first known Minstrel Song was “ Jim Crow ” by Thomas Dartmouth ” Daddy Rice ”

Early Music  New Orleans had 3 opera house, and two symphony orchestras, (1 white & 1 creole)  Brass bands were also a popular form of music in New Orleans, both for dances and parades  Bands for funeral parades were and still are a New Orleans custom. A slow stately hymn was played by the band going to the cemetery, and a stirring light hearted anthem on the way back and New Orleans had many funeral at this time.  New Orleans had 3 opera house, and two symphony orchestras, (1 white & 1 creole)  Brass bands were also a popular form of music in New Orleans, both for dances and parades  Bands for funeral parades were and still are a New Orleans custom. A slow stately hymn was played by the band going to the cemetery, and a stirring light hearted anthem on the way back and New Orleans had many funeral at this time.

The Civil War & Reconstruction  The Civil War  New Orleans was captured by Union troops on 4/24/1862  During this period until 1877 blacks in New Orleans enjoyed new freedoms  Reconstruction: Federal Troops enforced new laws. Blacks gained many new rights, but only because the Federal troops enforced the new laws. Blacks now had the right to vote and own land. All Federal troops left the South in 1877 ending Reconstruction. White southerns brutally regained power and control and began in forcing “ Jim Crow laws.  Jim Crow laws denied civil rights to blacks  The Civil War  New Orleans was captured by Union troops on 4/24/1862  During this period until 1877 blacks in New Orleans enjoyed new freedoms  Reconstruction: Federal Troops enforced new laws. Blacks gained many new rights, but only because the Federal troops enforced the new laws. Blacks now had the right to vote and own land. All Federal troops left the South in 1877 ending Reconstruction. White southerns brutally regained power and control and began in forcing “ Jim Crow laws.  Jim Crow laws denied civil rights to blacks

New Styles Arrive  By the 1890 ’ s 3 new types of music and arriving in New Orleans Ragtime, America ’ s most popular music until the 1920 ’ s  Ragtime was loved by young people for dancing and hated by their parents  Ragtime is most often in 2/4 in 16 bar phrase. Closely tie to the form of a march  It gets its name because the melody is played ragged and syncopated  The sale of print sheet music was big business  Scott Joplin was the “ King of Ragtime ”  Blues (Style and form)12 bar phrases with pitch bends moans and cries  Baptist Church Music  By the 1890 ’ s 3 new types of music and arriving in New Orleans Ragtime, America ’ s most popular music until the 1920 ’ s  Ragtime was loved by young people for dancing and hated by their parents  Ragtime is most often in 2/4 in 16 bar phrase. Closely tie to the form of a march  It gets its name because the melody is played ragged and syncopated  The sale of print sheet music was big business  Scott Joplin was the “ King of Ragtime ”  Blues (Style and form)12 bar phrases with pitch bends moans and cries  Baptist Church Music

Separate but Equal  Homer Adolph Plessy a Creole of Color in act of civil- disobedience 1892, sat on an all white street car. He was arrested, tried and convicted of breaking the law. His case was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court in His conviction was upheld in a landmark ruling  The Supreme Court ruled that discrimination was legal if you provided Separate but Equal  Creoles are now treated as blacks  Homer Adolph Plessy a Creole of Color in act of civil- disobedience 1892, sat on an all white street car. He was arrested, tried and convicted of breaking the law. His case was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court in His conviction was upheld in a landmark ruling  The Supreme Court ruled that discrimination was legal if you provided Separate but Equal  Creoles are now treated as blacks

“King” Buddy Bolden  King ” Buddy Bolden, the first known Jazz artist. Played cornet with a big sound. He combined elements of Ragtime and Blues to form a new style of music. His music was referred to as Gut Bucket, Rat Music and Hot Music. He is credited with developing the BIG FOUR. A strong accent on the fourth beat of each measure  Buddy Bolden lived the Sporting Life!! He drank a lot and lived on the edge. Buddy Bolden spent the last 23 years of his life in La. State Insane Asylum.  King ” Buddy Bolden, the first known Jazz artist. Played cornet with a big sound. He combined elements of Ragtime and Blues to form a new style of music. His music was referred to as Gut Bucket, Rat Music and Hot Music. He is credited with developing the BIG FOUR. A strong accent on the fourth beat of each measure  Buddy Bolden lived the Sporting Life!! He drank a lot and lived on the edge. Buddy Bolden spent the last 23 years of his life in La. State Insane Asylum.

Storyville  Storyville, an 18 block red light district of New Orleans. Named after city alderman Joseph Story who tried to control vice by creating an entertainment district. More than 230 brothels (Sporting House) with more than 2000 prostitutes. Piano players were needed to provide music for the guests. Most of the guess where white.

Jelly Roll Morton  Ferdinard Joseph Lamonthe/Jelly Roll Morton(10/20/1890)  “ I myself happened to be its creator in the year 1902  Jelly Roll ’ s first job as a musician was playing for the prostitutes in Storyville. He would earn $50 to $ 100 per night  Thrown out of his grandmothers house at 17, he began to travel sharing his music where ever he when. During hard time he would sometime pimp, hustle pool or whatever he could to survive, but was always a “ showman ”  Jelly Roll did not invent jazz, but he was the first to write it down. As he travel around the country he needed to write it down so other musicians not from New Orleans could play with him.  Ferdinard Joseph Lamonthe/Jelly Roll Morton(10/20/1890)  “ I myself happened to be its creator in the year 1902  Jelly Roll ’ s first job as a musician was playing for the prostitutes in Storyville. He would earn $50 to $ 100 per night  Thrown out of his grandmothers house at 17, he began to travel sharing his music where ever he when. During hard time he would sometime pimp, hustle pool or whatever he could to survive, but was always a “ showman ”  Jelly Roll did not invent jazz, but he was the first to write it down. As he travel around the country he needed to write it down so other musicians not from New Orleans could play with him.

Jelly Roll  Jelly Roll set the form and terms  Jelly Roll was all around Showman  Break-solos  Riff- unison melody  Jelly Roll set the form and terms  Jelly Roll was all around Showman  Break-solos  Riff- unison melody

Jazz travels north  Jazz began to spread north as many musician left New Orleans for better opportunities to play in northern cities like Kansas City, Chicago, and New York  Shipping industry in New Orleans was slowing down in the mid teens and jobs were be lost to other port cities  Many blacks move north to escape “ Jim Crow ” Laws and develop a better life.  Jazz began to spread north as many musician left New Orleans for better opportunities to play in northern cities like Kansas City, Chicago, and New York  Shipping industry in New Orleans was slowing down in the mid teens and jobs were be lost to other port cities  Many blacks move north to escape “ Jim Crow ” Laws and develop a better life.

Freddie”King” Keppard  The next great Trumpet player was Freddie Keppard, he also took his music on the road with mixed success.  Keppard was offered the first chance to record jazz. (12/15) He turned down the offer for many reasons, one being he was afraid people would steal his ideas,and he wanted to be paid for rehearsal time, RCA refused  The next great Trumpet player was Freddie Keppard, he also took his music on the road with mixed success.  Keppard was offered the first chance to record jazz. (12/15) He turned down the offer for many reasons, one being he was afraid people would steal his ideas,and he wanted to be paid for rehearsal time, RCA refused

Livery Stable Blues  The first jazz recording was made by The Original Dixieland Jass Band, recorded on 2/26/17 in NYC for RCA/Victor  Released 3/7/17 it sold cents and help start a national jazz craze.  The Original Dixieland Jass Band were 5 white musicians from New Orleans, they claimed to be the Creators of Jazz. The leader of the group Nick LaRocca claims the white not blacks invented this new music.  The first jazz recording was made by The Original Dixieland Jass Band, recorded on 2/26/17 in NYC for RCA/Victor  Released 3/7/17 it sold cents and help start a national jazz craze.  The Original Dixieland Jass Band were 5 white musicians from New Orleans, they claimed to be the Creators of Jazz. The leader of the group Nick LaRocca claims the white not blacks invented this new music.