Department of Ethnic Studies & Asian American Studies Program California State University, Sacramento ETHN 14: Introduction to Asian American Studies Week 6 Session 2 American Military and Economic Expansion: Filipina/os and Pacific Islanders

Last Time Explore the relationship between cultural representations and identity formation by comparing and contrasting Chinese and Japanese American experiences. Begin to surface themes that describe the shared experience of APIs.

Today Build from our cross-group analysis by including Filipinos and Pacific Islanders.

Crosscutting Themes Chinese AmericansJapanese AmericansFilipino AmericansPacific Islander Americans Immigrant Populations Sojourner immigrants, Chinese Women Poor from rural areas and Ryokyu Islands First, second, and third waves. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Samoans, Guamanians/Chamorros, Tongans, Hawaiians Settlement Patterns Pacific Coast: California San Francisco Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California San Francisco Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska, and the Pacific coast (Stockton – Key migratory hub) Hawaii – Mormons, economics, Laie (Country came to them, they didn’t come to the country) Factors that influenced Immigration (Push-Pull) Gold Rush, Fall of SaigonExclusion of Chinese, Agriculture, Railroads, and domestic work Spanish American War, Alaskeros, Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, World War II, Pensionados Westernization, World War II, Department of the Interior, 1950 Organic Act, “Land of Opportunity” Family reunification LaborAgriculture, WWII economy Railroads Domestic Services (Laundries) Agriculture, Railroads, and domestic work Alaskeros, The Great Depression, Carlos Bulosan, Agriculture, Domestic service Faasamoa, Modernization, Unskilled; semi-skilled labor (e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks) Country of Origin’s Relationship with US Government Immigration Act of 1965, The Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji Revolution, Attack on Pearl Harbor Pensionados, Imperialism, colonization, Philippine- American War, Tydings McDuffie Act American Samoa/Western Samoa Dole vs. Cleveland Exclusion, Surveillance, and Discrimination Foreign Miner’s Tax Chinese Exclusion Act Ordinances on Living and Labor Conditions, Cold War, Hiram Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho Lee San Francisco School Board incident, Anti-miscegenation laws, restrictive covenants, Alien Land Act (1913 and 1920), CWIRC/Exec Order 9066 Anti-Miscegenation laws, The Great Depression, Watsonville Riot, fight for Affirmative Action Christian Missionaries Great Mahele Community Institutions Family Associations, Paper Sons Six Companies Native Sons of the Golden State, levels of educaiton Japanese Association of America, Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog, and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s women’s and youth and churces Matai, Haole society, plantation life, and Hawaiian traditional culture, Hawaiian Homes Commission, Council of Hawaiian Organizations Cultural representations of the racialized “other” Hatchet men, Yellow Peril, Model Minorities, Tianaman Square The second generation Japanese Problem, Yellow Peril, Scientific racism/social darwinism “Little Brown Brothers” Allos in America is in the Heart Meed-Freeman controversy, colonization, imperialism, Comparison between Native Hawaiians and Americans Generations and Acculturation Native Sons of the Golden State, FOBs ABCs Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redressPre- and post-1965; “Bridge generation”

Gleanings from Our “Within Group” Analyses of Chinese Americans Social structures such as institutions and organizations and power distribution are closely linked. Institutions function to reinforce existing power relations between ethnic groups. Differential power relations between ethnic groups shape how institutions function. Early Chinese immigrant communities were structured around institutions and organizations that were brought from southern China and adapted in the Western United States with San Francisco as its capital. These organizations took on different functions with the second generation. Segregation discouraged assimilation. The dominant culture values material wealth and uses its control over local, state, and federal government to limit labor competition and access to opportunity.

Gleanings from our “Cross Group” Analysis of Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans Cultural representations of API groups promote or reinforce U.S. national interest and European American materialism. Stereotypes and depictions of Asian Americans are linked to a history of West-East dualism (Edward Said’s Orientalism) often linked to the enduring image of “the perpetual foreigner.” Despite structural differences between Chinese and Japanese immigrants, both groups were relegated to similar forms of labor and housing, and both experienced forms of discrimination. The relationship between Asian country’s governments varies greatly. Immigrants from China were unprotected by the Chinese government. The Japanese government endeavored to protect their countrymen.

Discussion Questions Set 1 How does the arrival of Filipino Americans and Pacific Islander Americans result from U.S. national interest? What cultural representations accompany their arrival? How is the Filipino American immigrant and settlement experience similar to and different from the Chinese Americans and Japanese American experiences? What systematic factors shape these similarities and differences? How are Pacific Islander American immigrant and settlement experiences similar to and different from Chinese American and Japanese American experiences?

Crosscutting Themes Chinese AmericansJapanese AmericansFilipino AmericansPacific Islander Americans Immigrant Populations Sojourner immigrants, Chinese Women Poor from rural areas and Ryokyu Islands First, second, and third waves. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Samoans, Guamanians/Chamorros, Tongans, Hawaiians Settlement Patterns Pacific Coast: California San Francisco Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California San Francisco Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska, and the Pacific coast (Stockton – Key migratory hub) Hawaii – Mormons, economics, Laie (Country came to them, they didn’t come to the country) Factors that influenced Immigration (Push-Pull) Gold Rush, Fall of SaigonExclusion of Chinese, Agriculture, Railroads, and domestic work Spanish American War, Alaskeros, Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, World War II, Pensionados Westernization, World War II, Department of the Interior, 1950 Organic Act, “Land of Opportunity” Family reunification LaborAgriculture, WWII economy Railroads Domestic Services (Laundries) Agriculture, Railroads, and domestic work Alaskeros, The Great Depression, Carlos Bulosan, Agriculture, Domestic service Faasamoa, Modernization, Unskilled; semi-skilled labor (e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks) Country of Origin’s Relationship with US Government Immigration Act of 1965, The Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji Revolution, Attack on Pearl Harbor Pensionados, Imperialism, colonization, Philippine- American War, Tydings McDuffie Act American Samoa/Western Samoa Dole vs. Cleveland Exclusion, Surveillance, and Discrimination Foreign Miner’s Tax Chinese Exclusion Act Ordinances on Living and Labor Conditions, Cold War, Hiram Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho Lee San Francisco School Board incident, Anti-miscegenation laws, restrictive covenants, Alien Land Act (1913 and 1920), CWIRC/Exec Order 9066 Anti-Miscegenation laws, The Great Depression, Watsonville Riot, fight for Affirmative Action Christian Missionaries Great Mahele Community Institutions Family Associations, Paper Sons Six Companies Native Sons of the Golden State, levels of educaiton Japanese Association of America, Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog, and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s women’s and youth and churces Matai, Haole society, plantation life, and Hawaiian traditional culture, Hawaiian Homes Commission, Council of Hawaiian Organizations Cultural representations of the racialized “other” Hatchet men, Yellow Peril, Model Minorities, Tianaman Square The second generation Japanese Problem, Yellow Peril, Scientific racism/social darwinism “Little Brown Brothers” Allos in America is in the Heart Meed-Freeman controversy, colonization, imperialism, Comparison between Native Hawaiians and Americans Generations and Acculturation Native Sons of the Golden State, FOBs ABCs Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redressPre- and post-1965; “Bridge generation”

To Prepare for Next Session Next time: Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Prepare Reading Notes on Kitano & Daniels, Ch. 8 (South Asians) and 9 (Koreans) OBD: Bulosan, Part II