Presented by: Yuhana 12/17/2007 Context Aware Group - Intelligent Agent Laboratory Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taiwan University (NTU)

 12/17/2007 ◦ Idea of Ontology ◦ Semantic Web Vision ◦ For Today’s Web to The Semantic Web ◦ The advantage of Ontology ◦ Ontology in a glance  Next Week -- 12/24/2007 ◦ Introduction to OWL(OWL, RDF, N3) ◦ Create and Build Ontology using Protégé

Person Car hasCar hasFirstName hasBirthDate William Mercedes hasCar hasFirstName hasBirthDate Class Instance Relationship/Property Class Date String “John” 2/20/1967 Instance

 To make a number of applications more capable of handling complex and disparate information  To make Semantic Web Vision comes true Idea of Ontology

 Evolving extension of WWW in which web content : ◦ Can be expressed not only in natural language ◦ But also can be understood, interpreted and used by software agents ◦ Permitting software agents to find, share and integrate information easily  The idea of having data on the Web ◦ Defined and linked in such a way ◦ Can be used by machines not only for display purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various applications Semantic Web Vision

Semantic Web Layer Cake Semantic Web Vision

William had just had a minor car accident and was feeling some neck pain. He wants to find and go to Physiotherapy Centre for physical therapy sessions. How today’s web can help ? How with semantic web ? From Today’s Web to The Semantic Web

 Near his home or office  Support assurance  Open in holiday or match with his calendar From Today’s Web to The Semantic Web

 Insert the keyword about Physiotherapy Centre  Find the information about physiotherapy center that ◦ near his home or office ◦ support assurance ◦ Match with his calendar From Today’s Web to The Semantic Web

Drawback: Find link to physiotherapy center websites in few second but consuming time to find match information

Retrieve details of the recommended therapy Look up the list of therapists maintained by William’s health insurance company Check for those located within a radius of 10 km from William’s office or home Look up their reputation according to trusted rating services Match available appointment times with William’s calendar From Today’s Web to The Semantic Web Doctor agent Insurance agent location agent Calendar agent Rating agent

1.machine readable 2.the carriers of the meaning contained in the Semantic Web 3.provide the vocabulary and semantics of the annotations Ontologies are the key to the Semantic Web From Today’s Web to The Semantic Web

 Knowledge/information representation ◦ Create a database schema / structure ◦ Map the schema to an upper ontology  For taxonomic(class) reasoning  Support description logical reasoning ◦ After reasoning we can get new knowledge Advantage of Ontology

 Kind of things that actually exist, and how to describe them -> philosophy term  In computer science : ◦ Explicit and formal specification of a conceptualization ◦ Consist of finite list of terms and the relationships between these terms  Consist of concepts (also knowns as classes), relations (properties), instances and axioms (CRIA) Ontology in a Glance

Person Location hasLocation hasFirstName hasBirthDate Date String Physiotherapy Centre hasLocation Float hasLongitute hasLatitude Ontology in a Glance

OWL XML RDF & RDFS OWL Ontology in a Glance

 To Share common understanding of the structure of information among people or software agents  To enable reuse of domain knowledge  To make domain assumptions explicit  To separate domain knowledge from the operational knowledge Ontology in a Glance

 r_Survey.html r_Survey.html  Popular editor tools: ◦ Protégé (editor, open source, plug in, Inference Engine, API) ◦ Ontopia Knowledge Suite (OKS) (editor, open source, plug in, Inference Engine, API) Ontology in a Glance

 Ontology is not always the only one tool for the job, it should be collaborate with another technology  Face recognition – not the right applications for ontology Ontology in a Glance

 An attempt to capture the most general and reusable terms and definitions  In another word, we can say upper ontology as top-level ontology, or foundation ontology that an attempt to create an ontology which describes very general concepts that are the same across all domains Ontology in a Glance

 DOLCE (Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering)  Cyc  SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology)  Basic Formal Ontology(BFO)  General Formal Ontology (GFO)  Wordnet  Biomedical Ontology Ontology in a Glance

 Ontologies may have different names for the same things ◦ type – a relation between a class and an instance ◦ instance – a relation between a class and an instance ◦ isa – a relation between a class and an instance ◦ …  Ontologies may have the same name for different things, and no corresponding terms  Either use the same upper ontology, or at least map to a common upper ontology Ontology in a Glance

 Next Week -- 12/24/2007 ◦ Introduction to OWL(OWL, RDF, N3) ◦ Create and Build Ontology using Protege  Suggestion Steps ◦ Paper reading:   N.F Noy, and D.L. McGuinnes, Ontology Development 101 : A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology, 2001  Chapter 7 A Semantic Web Primer Book About Ontology Engineering  Learn Protege-OWL by going over the Protege-OWL tutorial ◦ Download & install Protégé 3.4 (

 Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen, Semantic Web Primer Book, The MIT Press, 2004  tml tml  tologies.html?page=2 tologies.html?page=2

HTML XML

30  HTML stand for Hyper Text Markup Language  An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags  The markup tags tell the Web Browser how to display the page  An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension  An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor

31  XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language  XML is a markup language much like HTML  XML was designed to describe data  XML tags are not predefined. We must define our own tags  XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema to describe the data  XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be self-descriptive  XML is a W3C Recommendation

33  Uniform Resource Identifier  Every resource has URI  Resource : “thing” we want to talk about (e.g. authors, lectures, books, etc)  URI can be URL (Uniform Resource Locator or web address) or some other kind of unique identifier  In general, assume that URI is the identifier of a web resource

34 Resource (Subject) Resource URI Every Resource has URI Resource

 is an artificial intelligence project that attempts to assemble a comprehensive ontology and database of everyday common sense knowledge, with the goal of enabling AI applications to perform human-like reasoning.artificial intelligence project ontologydatabasecommon sense knowledgeAI