Biology Unit 4 Notes #3 (Sections 3.2 – 3.4) Cell Structure

 All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce  3 main sections 1) Cell membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus Basic Eukaryotic Cell Structure

The Organelles

Ribosomes  Make proteins needed by cells  Function like an assembly line, creating amino acid chains (proteins)  Created by nucleolus  Can be found in cytoplasm or attached to a membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum  Aka: ER  Rough ER: Membrane has ribosomes on it and helps make proteins  Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Golgi Apparatus  Job: Package and transport proteins out of the cell - like a conveyor belt  Protein Creation Process Review 1) Nucleolus makes a ribosome 2) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER 3) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and exports them

Golgi Body in action Golgi body is placing proteins (yellow dots) into protective vesicles Vesicle expels the proteins (blue dots) from the cell

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor 1) Which organelle builds proteins? 2) Stores DNA? 3) Produces ribosomes? 4) Creates fats and breaks down toxins? 5) Packages and releases proteins from a cell? 6) Allows material to enter/exit a cell? 7) Moves molecules around the inside of a cell? (three acceptable answers) ribosome Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Golgi body Cell membrane Cytoplasm, Rough ER, Vesicles

Mitochondria  “Powerhouse”  Job: Create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in a process called cellular respiration Creates energy for the cell from food molecules

Lysosome  Contain digestive enzymes  Break down big molecules  Can protect the cell  Can break down old organelles to turn them into something useful  Found: Animal cells This lysosome is destroying a mitochondrion

Lysosome white blood cell Lysosome (with enzymes inside) bacteria white blood cell

There are thousands of cilia surrounding this one cell. Lets zoom in for a closer look. You can now see the individual cilia Cilia and Flagella  Job: movement  Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

This cell has 3 flagella Cilia and Flagella  Job: movement  Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) cell

This cell has 8 flagella Cilia and Flagella  Job: movement cell

Cell Wall  Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells  Job: Adds support for growth  Made of tough cellulose Hard to digest  Witnessed by Robert  Hooke in 1665 Cell membrane The cell wall is all that remains in cork

Chloroplasts  Job: Perform photosynthesis  Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars chloroplast

Vacuole  Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments  Plant cells: Large central vacuole  Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

Vacuole A B C

Review 1) Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function. 2) Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. 3) Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. 4) List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis. 5) Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not. 6) Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? 7) Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? 8) Which organelle creates ribosomes? 9) Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? 10) Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?