First Steps Congress asked states to draft a Constitution Congress asked states to draft a Constitution Each state drafted their own Constitution Each state drafted their own Constitution By 1780 (3 years before the American Revolution ended) all states had drafted Constitutions By 1780 (3 years before the American Revolution ended) all states had drafted Constitutions Generally, each state constitution had an outline for the structure of govt. and a “Declaration of Rights” Generally, each state constitution had an outline for the structure of govt. and a “Declaration of Rights”

State Precautions - States were weary of a strong, central power (like King George III) - Wanted to put power in hands of people - Divided power between different branches of government - Legislative & Judicial - Legislative Branch often had more power (only elected branch)

Articles of Confederation – The Basics Articles set up a Confederate government Articles set up a Confederate government Conducted foreign affairs Conducted foreign affairs Maintained Army/Navy (volunteer militias) Maintained Army/Navy (volunteer militias) Borrow money from states Borrow money from states Issue currency (bonds) Issue currency (bonds)

State Money

Unitary Government

Confederate Government

Federal Government

Articles of Confederation - The Basics Limited power of national govt. Limited power of national govt. No executive officer (President)‏ No executive officer (President)‏ Confederation Congress could not: -impose taxes-regulate trade Confederation Congress could not: -impose taxes-regulate trade BOTTOM LINE: STATES HAVE MORE POWER BOTTOM LINE: STATES HAVE MORE POWER

State Power in AOC All 13 states had to approve taxes or tariffs All 13 states had to approve taxes or tariffs At least 9 states had to approve new ordinances, or laws, before they were legal At least 9 states had to approve new ordinances, or laws, before they were legal Only States can impose taxes (on their own citizens)‏ Only States can impose taxes (on their own citizens)‏ All states had equal say (1 vote), regardless of their population All states had equal say (1 vote), regardless of their population

Northwest Ordinance (1787) - Major accomplishment under A.O.C. - Created a method to admit new states - Defined rules of admission to Union (population, govt, Constitution) - Establishment of territorial govt. - Prohibited slavery, established public schools

Problems w/ the Ordinance? -Can the federal govt. regulate slavery? -Tensions increase between Northern & Southern states; sectionalism -Forced removal of Indians from region -Northwest Indian War: - Blue Jacket / Miami tribes kill 800 U.S. soldiers in two battles -Washington sends more troops, roughly 5,000 natives killed

Daniel Shays' Little Rebellion Shays was a Mass. farmer in debt. from Revolution (taxes / bank loans)‏ Shays was a Mass. farmer in debt. from Revolution (taxes / bank loans)‏ Many farmers in Mass. were in danger of losing their land Many farmers in Mass. were in danger of losing their land Gathered farmers and marched to courthouse; prohibited courts from selling “foreclosed” property Gathered farmers and marched to courthouse; prohibited courts from selling “foreclosed” property Attempted to capture militia armory in Springfield, MA Attempted to capture militia armory in Springfield, MA

Shays' Little Rebellion: Online Activity What was Shays' rebellion really like for the people involved? Why was it so important? How did it impact our government? What was Shays' rebellion really like for the people involved? Why was it so important? How did it impact our government? Please complete the online readings found at the following website: Please complete the online readings found at the following website: Answer the questions in the worksheet provided by Mr. Duran Answer the questions in the worksheet provided by Mr. Duran

Bottom Line Framers agree that AOC is too weak Framers agree that AOC is too weak Meet in Philadelphia to improve the AOC, give more power to the national govt. Meet in Philadelphia to improve the AOC, give more power to the national govt.

Proposed Federal Govt. under the new Constitution -Separated into 3 Branches (Legislative, Judicial, Executive)‏ -Increased power of national govt. - Bicameral legislature: - House of Reps. - Senate - Added Executive Branch (President), George Washington chosen as 1 st - Added the Bill of Rights (first 10 Amendments)

States Argue Over Reps. States could not agree on how to represent themselves in national govt. States could not agree on how to represent themselves in national govt. Small states feared big states, big state feared small states Small states feared big states, big state feared small states 7 small states, 6 large states 7 small states, 6 large states Propose Virginia & New Jersey Plans Propose Virginia & New Jersey Plans Create 3 Compromises to agree Create 3 Compromises to agree

“Great” Compromise Settled debate over Representation Settled debate over Representation Senate favors small states (2 per state) Senate favors small states (2 per state) House favors large states (based on population) House favors large states (based on population) Mandated a Census be conducted every 10 years to determine # of Reps. Mandated a Census be conducted every 10 years to determine # of Reps. New states would be awarded equal representation as “older” states New states would be awarded equal representation as “older” states

3/5 Compromise - Slave States (south of Delaware) wanted slaves to count as population - Slave States (south of Delaware) wanted slaves to count as population - This would get the southern states more Reps. in Congress - This would get the southern states more Reps. in Congress - Decided to count slaves as 3/5 of population (i.e. 5 slaves = 3 people) - Decided to count slaves as 3/5 of population (i.e. 5 slaves = 3 people) - South gets representation they wanted - North gets tax $$ from 3/5 of enslaved persons

Fugitive Slave Compromise Slaves may not become freed by escaping to Free States Slaves may not become freed by escaping to Free States In return, Southern states agreed to end the slave trade within 20 years (by 1807) In return, Southern states agreed to end the slave trade within 20 years (by 1807) THIS DOES NOT MEAN ENDING SLAVERY, JUST ENDING THE IMPORTATION OF SLAVES TO THE US THIS DOES NOT MEAN ENDING SLAVERY, JUST ENDING THE IMPORTATION OF SLAVES TO THE US

State Constitution State Constitution Executive Legislative Judicial Governor House & Senate Supreme Court

Ben Franklin's Milking Stool Ben Franklin compared the 3 branches of government to a milking stool. Ben Franklin compared the 3 branches of government to a milking stool. All the branches shared equal power, and without each branch it was inoperable. All the branches shared equal power, and without each branch it was inoperable. Each branch was needed to check and balance the other. Each branch was needed to check and balance the other.

Checks & Balances: The Law The Legislative Branch has the power to create laws The Legislative Branch has the power to create laws The Executive Branch has the power to enforce laws The Executive Branch has the power to enforce laws The Judicial Branch has the power to judge laws; (follow the Constitution) The Judicial Branch has the power to judge laws; (follow the Constitution)

Revisions in New Constitution The founders agreed that the revisions, or new Constitution, must have the following: The founders agreed that the revisions, or new Constitution, must have the following: 1.) A Constitutional Govt. (limited power) 2.) Purpose: protect Natural Rights & promote the Common Good 3.) A Republican form of govt. (elections) 4.) Separation of Power by Checks & Balances 5.) Federalism (power shared between both the state & national govts.)

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Arguments over whether to create new Constitution or just fix AOC Arguments over whether to create new Constitution or just fix AOC Main arguments around State v. National Power Main arguments around State v. National Power Federalists wanted a new Constitution Federalists wanted a new Constitution Anti-Feds wanted improved AOC Anti-Feds wanted improved AOC

A Tale of Two Sides Federalists Strong natl. govt. Natl. army Higher Taxes Often favored the wealthy classes Anti-Federalists Strong state govt. Limit natl. govt. power State militias Low taxes Favored lower & farming classes