European economy

EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE Europe is a developed continent, but there is a great difference between the economies of Western and Eastern Europe. Why? Because in the 20th century some countries in the East were part of the Soviet Union and had a communist economic system: - the government owned all the means of production - free market did not exist. Now the communism is in the past, but the economy in Eastern Europe is still not as well developed as in the West.

PRIMARY SECTOR

THE LABOUR FORCE In Western Europe the primary sector employs only 2%-4% of the labour force, but it is still very productive thanks to: - agricultural machinery - fertilizers - advanced farming techniques. In Eastern Europe agriculture is less mechanized and more people work on farms.

People working in the primary sector in some European countries:

LAND USE 1) Northern Europe  forest Climate: cold Main activity in the primary sector: forestry Resources: barley and timber Barley = orzo Timber = legname

LAND USE 2) Atlantic and Baltic coastal areas  pasture lands and cattle breeding Climate: oceanic (humid) Main activity in the primary sector: cattle breeding for milk production Resources: fodder, cattle Fodder = foraggio

LAND USE 3) Plains in central and eastern Europe  mixed agriculture Climate: continental (hot summer, not too humid) Main activity in the primary sector: agriculture, cattle and swine breeding for meat production Resources: cereals, industrial crops, fruit and vegetables, cattle and swine swine

LAND USE 4) Southern Europe  Mediterranean agriculture Climate: mediterranean (mild, with dry summer) Main activity in the primary sector: agriculture, ovine breeding Resources: cereals, citrus fruit, grapes, olives, ovine

CEREALS Most common cereals: wheat and barley. Main cereal producing countries: Russia, France, Germany and Ukraine. Top beer producing nations: Germany and Russia. Beer is a traditional beverage in Belgium and in the Netherlands, where it is still brewed in monasteries.

Belgium (green) and the Netherlands (orange)

MEDITERRANEAN PRODUCTS Vine Wine Top wine producing nations: France, Italy and Spain. Top olive oil and citrus fruit producing nations: Spain, Italy, Greece. Citrus fruit

OTHER PRODUCTS Potato: north-eastern Europe Industrial crops: crops grown to produce goods to be used in the production sector. For example: sugar beet, soy, sunflowers. Sugar beet: a typical European crop. Top producing countries: France, Germany, Poland. sugar beets soysunflowers

Draniki, a potato pancake, is classic recipe from Belarus. Belarus has the highest per capita potato consumption in the world. Vegetable oils

BREEDING bovine: cows are the most common livestock in Europe and are used to produce milk and meat. Top bovine raising nations: France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany and in the Padan Plain. swine: pigs are raised especially in Germany, Spain, Poland, Russia and in the Padan Plain. ovine: sheep and goats are raised especially for producing wool. Top ovine raising nations: the United Kingdom, Spain, Russia and Italy.

DAIRY PRODUCTS Dairy products Leading producers in Europe (and among the first in the world): Russia, Germany and France. Cheese production is also very important in the Netherlands.

FISHING Fishing is an important activity, especially in the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Leading fishing countries: Russia, Norway, Iceland, Spain, Denmark, the United Kingdom and France.

MINERAL RESOURCES AND POWER 1) Metals: many different types, but in small amounts spread over many countries. Mines were very important for the industrial progress of our continent, but now a lot of them are closed. Iron: mined in Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and France. Other nations buy iron from extra-European countries, like Brazil and Australia.

Ag = silver (argento) Hg = mercury K= potash Mn = manganese Ni = nikel Pb = lead (piombo) Pt = platinum S = sulfur (zolfo) Sn = tin (stagno) Zn = zinc W = tungsten (rame)

MINERAL RESOURCES AND POWER 2) Coal: many coal deposits in central and northern Europe (United Kingdom, Ruhr basin in Germany, Poland, Ukraine). They were exploited in the 19th and 20th centuries, but many of them are no longer in use. Why? Because coal mining is very expensive and coal pollutes the environment. Leading coal producing countries: Russia (mines coal from Siberia, in Asia), Poland, Ukraine.

The first industrialisation in Europe (19 th century)

MINERAL RESOURCES AND POWER 3) Oil: not common in Europe. Top oil producing countries: Russia (in Siberia), Norway and the United Kingdom (both these nations exploit the oil fields under the North Sea). Other European countries buy oil from Arab nations or from Northern Africa. 4) Natural gas: leading producer is Russia, which sells it to many European nations. Other gas producing countries: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Norway (they extract natural gas from the floor of the North Sea). In Italy natural gas production meets half the energy needs.