Napoleon Bonaparte Goal-Expand French Empire

Bonaparte’s Biography Bonaparte’s Biography DOB: 15 th August 1769 Place of Birth: Corsica Siblings: Seven Education: Brienne military academy (France) Social Status: Parents were minor nobles. Position in army: Artillery officer aged 16.

Military Career 1785-Made an Artillery Officer at Promoted to brigadier general Imprisoned and accused of being a Jacobin and Robespierre supporter Napoleon is promoted to General of the Army of the West 1785-Barras helps Napoleon win promotion to Commander of the Army of the Interior 1786-Napoleon is given command of the French army in Italy -Napoleon wins the Battle of Lodi -Napoleon wins the Battle of Arcole 1787-Napoleon wins the Battle of Rivoli 1788-He returns to Paris a hero Napoleon begins his Egyptian campaign Receiving news of turmoil in France, Napoleon returns to Paris -Following a coup d'etat, Napoleon becomes First Consul of the new French government 1800-Sets up a household in Tuileries Palace

Napoleon’s 1 st Wife Joséphine Beauharnais Married 1796 Unable to have children Divorced in 1807

Egyptian Campaign attempt to strike Britain indirectly If France could secure Egypt, it would cripple Britain’s trade route to India Disaster strikes defeated, but did bring home the Rosetta Stone

Europe in 1800

Coup d’Etat Napoleon Rises to Power: overthrew Director  set up Consulate and became First Consul “Consul for Life”-via plebiscite Emperor of France-via plebiscite

Becoming Emperor

Bank of France Set up National Banking system and tax reform in 1800 Balanced the governments budget

Concordat of 1801 Negotiated peace with the Catholic Church Napoléon recognized Catholicism as the national religion & in turn, pope allowed state to keep property seized during revolution Reestablished the Gregorian Calendar

Napoleon and the USA and Haiti Sold USA- Louisiana Territory in 1803 Sought to suppress slave revolt in Haiti— unsuccessful and Haiti gains independence (Free from French control) 1804

Code Napoléon (1804) Preserved many revolutionary principles –Equality of all citizens before the law *Civil Code was a step back for women –More difficult to: divorce husbands and inherit property –Not allowed to testify in court –Women = officially “less equal than men” Right of the individual to choose a profession

Code Napoléon (1804) Religious toleration  but made Catholicism official religion of France Abolition of serfdom/feudal system Freedom of Speech and Press were granted to all….but government could censor (stop) any material that criticized Napoleon. Ended the exclusive use of Nobles for high ranking government jobs. Positions were open for all based on your ability. Restored Slavery to French Colonies. Created a National Education system thatwas open to all based on their ability.

Napoleon’s Reforms Émigrés could return if swore loyalty to new French gov’t. Peasants kept lands they’d bought from Church and nobles New nobility established through a meritocracy (e.g., Legion of Honor) Class System Controlled prices Encouraged industrial growth Strengthened the nation’s infrastructure Economy Nationally-controlled public schools Education Strengthened the national government Ran an efficient bureaucracy Government Equality before the law Religious tolerance End to feudalism But women lost many of their rights Laws – Napoleonic Code Church under government control Religious freedom Religion – Concordat of 1801

Napoleon remarries in 1810 Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoléon’s Son (Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles: ) Napoleon remarries in 1810 Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoléon’s Son (Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles: )

Review Questions 1. How did Napoleon come to power in France? 2. What did Napoleon set up to help France’s economy? 3. What was the Concordat of 1801? 4. What was stated in the Napoleonic Code? 5. How were women impacted by the Napoleonic Code 6. How did Napoleon ensure that nothing negative was written about him? 7. How did Napoleon impact education? 8. What did Napoleon sell to the USA? 9. What territory did Napoleon lose as the result of a slave revolt?

Napoleonic Wars ( ) Series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire vs. an array of European powers that were formed into various coalitions. Napoleon expands his empire and annexes the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany (abolishes the Holy Roman Empire and sets up the Confederation of the Rhine) Placed relatives in power throughout Europe

Napoleon Reaches his Peak- Empire in 1810

…And Then Things Fall Apart! Three Costly Mistakes: 1.The Continental System 2.The Peninsular War 3.The Invasion of Russia

Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)  BritainFrance  1805: Sea Power

Continental System - November 1806 A blockade designed to cut England off from Europe –Napoleon’s navy lost at Trafalgar, so direct naval conflict out of question –To destroy British trade, undermine it economically –To exclude it from Europe’s affairs

Problems with Continental System 1.Was not executed correctly - weakened British trade, did not destroy it 2.British retaliated, made own blockade, and stopped all neutral ships going to Europe *Including American ships, causing War of 1812* 3.Weakened economy of France and lands controlled by Napoleon

The Peninsular War Portugal ignored Continental System Napoleon sent army through Spain to overthrow Royal Family Spanish towns rioted in response, so Napoleon deposed Spanish king and made brother king of Spain and Portugal REALLY made Spanish mad –Engaged in 5 years of guerrilla warfare- which cost Napoleon 300,000 troops

Invasion of Russia Invading Russia = Losing Prospect! Napoleon and Czar of Russia were allies –Napoleon thought that czar was selling grain to Britain behind his back –N. feared that Czar wanted Poland from France –N. decided to invade Russia

Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812

Invasion of Russia, cont’d. June, 1812: Grand Army leaves for Russia with about 600,000 men All drafted from throughout Europe and not loyal to Napoleon Instead of engaging: Russia practices Scorched Earth Policy-destroy everything to keep from French Sept. 14, 1812: Entered Moscow Czar ordered it burned down N. lingered for 5 weeks, waiting for peace offer - none came

Moscow on Fire!

Invasion of Russia, cont’d. Oct./Nov Ordered retreat from Moscow –Snows began to fall –Barefoot, starving soldiers attacked by Russians –Temperature: on one day, -30º: Birds fell dead from sky Mid-December 1812: Approximately 10,000 soldiers left Russia

Napoleon Abdicates Oct –Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeat Napoleon in Battle of Nations at Leipzig Jan Austrians and Russians enter Paris April Napoleon Abdicates Napoleon banished to Elba New French king: Louis XVIII installed as ruler

One More Time for Old Time’s Sake New French king unpopular Mar escaped Elba and landed in France Within days, become Emperor again and Louis XVIII flees

Waterloo - The Final Showdown Napoleon’s 100 days Fought between Napoleon and British June 15, 1815: French attacked “The best defense is a good offense”…or maybe not June 17, 1815: French lost Died 6 years later (stomach cancer)

Napoléon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

Review Questions 1. What was the Continental System? How did Britain respond? 2. Why did the Peninsular War start? 3. What is guerilla warfare? 4. Why did Napoleon invade Russia? 5. What tactic did Russia use against Napoleon’s troops? 6. Where was Napoleon exiled to 1 st ? When he returns to France, what does he do? 7. Napoleon returns to France and does what? 8. Where was Napoleon exiled to 2nd? 9. What are the positive and negative impacts of Napoleon?