SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING ANIMAL HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL: THE CASE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN VIETNAM Pham,T.T.Hoa 1, Moussiaux NA 2, Rukkwamsuk T 3, Peyre M 1 1 CIRAD-AGIRs Vietnam/France; 2 University of Liege, Belgium; 3 Kasetsart University, Thailand.

Content Introduction Objectives Material and methods Results Conclusions

Introduction Persistent endemicity of FMD in Vietnam even high efforts invested Under-reporting of FMD outbreaks: a major constraint of animal health surveillance and control Critical issue influencing performance of surveillance system: the willingness of the livestock owners to share animal health information with veterinary authorities Understanding the socio-economic factors behind this willingness will help to improve the efficacy of animal health surveillance system

Objectives To describe the interactions between all the actors of the animal health surveillance network To identify the socio-economic factors influencing on farmer’s decision to report animal disease information in Vietnam

5 Material and methods

Data collection: October February 2014 Selection of interviewee:  Random sampling pig holders in 8 villages  Exhaustive sampling of critical actors (veterinarians, drug sellers)  Snowball sampling to include new category of actors mentioned during the interviews: traders, drug delegation Semi-structured interview with a checklist covered:  Animal health management at farm  Exchange of animal disease information  Factors influencing animal disease reporting 6

Material and Methods (cont.) Network analysis: sna package (R software) Graph visualization  Nodes = actors  Links= flows of animal disease information between actors Indicator measuring  Degree centrality  Closeness centrality  Betweenness centrality Frequency of social- economic factors mentioned by pig holders

Actors in the network Total interviewees: 121 Stratified random sampling Small pig holders (SH): 76 ( 55%) Semi-commercial pig producers (SC):15 ( 75%) Exhaustive sampling Animal health worker (vil.vet): 4 Commune para-veterinarian (com.vet): 2 Veterinary drug seller: 3 Snowball sampling Veterinarians : 4 (district/provincial level) Local authorities : 7 (head of villages/communes) Agriculture staff: 2 Commune para-veterinarian: 3 Private veterinarian: 1 Pig trader: 2 Veterinary drug delegation: 2 Results

Network of animal health information 9 Hubs Broker

Measures of centrality in the network Degree centrality Top 4: Veterinary drug sellers and para-veterinarians The most active actors in the network

Measures of centrality in the network Betweenness centrality Top 4: Para- veterinarians, drug delegation, and drug seller The gate keeper in the network who get the earliest animal health information

Measures of centrality in the network Closeness centrality Top 4: Drug delegation, para- veterinarians, drug seller, and veterinarian The closest relationship to other actors in the network, receiving information from other actors quickly

Socio-economic factors influence on farmer’s decision of disease reporting 13 Factors Semi-commercial farms (N=15) n (%) Small pig farm holding (N=76) n (%) Comments Loss of reputation which gives a consequence of business interruption (stop breeding, feeding, drug selling) 13 (86.7)- Very important in breeding farms Loss of reputation which causes the difficulty in bank loan or buying feed in credit -45 (59.2) Drop of pig price and difficulty to sell breeding/fattening pigs 13 (86.7)67 (88.2) Uncertainty of being compensated10 (66.7)68 (89.5) Unclear of compensation rate6(40.0)49 (64.5) Complicated administrative procedures of compensation and long period of compensation payment 11 (73.3)41 (53.9) Long period of movement restriction8 (53.3)18 (23.7) Being confident on disease risk assessment and disease management 11(73.3)7 (9.2) Affection on the relationship with other farmers/relatives due to negative consequence of disease notification 2 (13.3)5 (6.6) Possibility to sell sick/dead pigs9 (60.0)57 (75.0)

Conclusions The most active actors in animal health surveillance network: drug sellers, para-veterinarians (commune vets.) Important socio-economic factors influencing on swine disease surveillance and control strategies: loss of reputation, dropping of pig price, uncertainty of compensation payment, and possibility to sell sick/dead pigs. Organization of surveillance and control program needs to take account role of private sectors and local constraints

Acknowledgement Funding: Revasia project (CIRAD), IRD Hanoi Agriculture University District Agriculture Department, Local authority Pig holders in study area Thank you very much for your attention