Repair of Bone  Hematoma Formation (blood-filled swelling)  Fibrocartilage callus formation  Bony callus formation  Bone remodeling

Repair of Bone Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling

The Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body  Divided into three parts

The Skull  Two sets of bones  Cranium  Facial bones

The Skull  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Cranial Bones  Frontal bone  Parietal bone  Temporal bone  Occipital bone  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone

Cranium

Facial Bones  Maxillae  Palatine bones  Zygomatic bones  Lacrimal bones  Nasal bones  Vomer bone  Inferior Nasal Conchae  Mandible

Facial Bones

Superior View

Inferior View

Lateral View

Paranasal Sinuses  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Functions:

Paranasal Sinuses

Hyoid Bone  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Hyoid Bone

The Vertebral Column  24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs  7  12  5

The Vertebral Column  9 vertebrae fuse to form 2 composite bones  Sacrum  Coccyx

Intervertebral Discs  Pads of flexible fibrocartilage  What happens as you age?

The Vertebral Column

 Primary curvatures of the  Present from birth  Secondary curvatures of the  Develop after birth

The Vertebral Column

A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View

Atlas (C1) has no body

Axis (C2) as pivot to rotate axis

C3-C7

T1-T12

L1-L5

Vertebral Column  What is the major function of the vertebral column?

The Bony Thorax  Consists of three parts  Sternum  Ribs  True ribs  False ribs  Floating ribs  Thoracic vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)  Clavicle—collarbone  Scapula—shoulder blade  Allow for exceptional free movement

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

Upper Limbs  Humerus  Forms the arm  Single bone

Upper Limbs  Forearm (2 bones)  Ulna  Radius

Hands  Carpals (wrist)  Metacarpals (palm)  Phalanges (fingers)

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  Formed by 2 coxal bones  Coxal bones composed of 3 pairs of fused bones  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis  Total weight of body rests here!!

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Gender differences

The Appendicular Skeleton

 The female inlet is larger and more circular  bones are lighter and thinner  The female ilia flare more laterally  The female sacrum is shorter and less curved  The female pubic arch is more rounded (accute vs. obtuse)

Bones of the Lower Limbs  Femur  Thigh  The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

Foot  Tarsals  Two largest tarsals  Calcaneus (heelbone)  Talus  Metatarsals—sole  Phalanges—toes

Arches of the foot  3 arches  Two longitudinal  One transverse

Joints  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Example :  Sutures  Syndesmoses

Fibrous Joints

Joints  Cartilaginous joints  Bones connected by cartilage  Immovable or slightly moveable  Example :  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints  Synovial Joints  bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid  Freely moveable

Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial Joints based on shape  Synovial Joints  bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid  Freely moveable

Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

Plane Joint

Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

Condyloid Joint

Saddle Joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Gouty arthritis (Gout)

 Gouty arthritis  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood  Can usually be controlled with diet

Gouty arthritis (Gout)

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Fetus  Long bones of hyaline cartilage

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Birth  Fontanels remain until around age 2

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

 Adolescence  Epiphyseal plates ossified and long bone growth ends

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  2 years old—skull is larger in proportion to the body  8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion  Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Osteoporosis  Bone-thinning disease afflicting   50% of women over age 65  20% of men over age 70

Osteoporosis