What makes a plant a plant? Plants What makes a plant a plant? Plants are Eukaryotic. Plants have cell walls. Plants make their own energy through photosynthesis

What plants need to survive 1. Sunlight 2. Water 3. CO2 & Oxygen 4. Nutrient and water movement

Early Plants Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA All early plants were heavily dependent on water Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA (billion years ago) Algae – around 750 MYA to 1 BYA (million years ago) Mosses and ferns Earliest relatives Cooksonia – 470 MYA

Flowering Plants Two different Types: Monocots and Dicots 1. Monocot Characteristics Single Cotyledon – a seed that creates a single leaf at sprouting Leaves with parallel veins Flower parts in multiples of three (3) Vascular tissue throughout the stem Fiberous root system Monocots are usually “grassy” plants Examples : Corn, Bamboo, Sugar Cane, and grass.

2. Dicot Characteristics Two cotyledons Leaves with branched veins Flower parts in multiples of four (4) or five (5) Vascular tissue in a ring in the stem Tap root systems Dicots are usually non-grassy with branching stems which may be woody Examples : Most trees, roses, daisies,

Comparative Characteristics.

Another view of the seeds of Monocots and Dicots

Roots, Stems, and Leaves Seed plants generally have three structures - a system for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water. Stems - a structure used to support the body of the plant. Leaves - the main photosynthetic region of the plant.

How does a plant get water and nutrients around in the plant? Xylem Tissue - cells that make hollow tubes that are water-proof and allow water to rise in a plant (capillary action) Phloem Tissue - cells that form tubes that allow foods and minerals to move in the plant

Xylem Phloem

How do plants grow? Meristematic Tissue Apical Meristem - tissue that allows the plant to grow up, down, or out. Apical Meristem Root tip - the meristematic tissue that allows growth at the tips of the root and the tips of the branch Bundles in a non-woody plant Vascular Cambium meristematic tissue in the outer layer of the stem/trunk that allows growth outward (thicker)

Chapter 24 Chapter Review Plant Reproduction Chapter 24 Chapter Review Page 629 Questions 1-11 Write Questions and Answers Questions 12 – 21 & 30 Write out full sentence answers

Plant Reproduction Angiosperm Gymnosperm - “naked seed” There are two types of seeds created in plants Gymnosperm - “naked seed” seeds that have no covering over them – usually cone-bearing trees. Will be covered last. Sequoia Angiosperm - seeds are covered by a “seed coat”. Aspen

Angiosperm Flower Parts (Complete flower) Complete flowers have four parts. Stamen – male part anther and filament 2. Carpel (pistil) –female part stigma, style and ovary 3. Sepals – protection for flower during development 4. Petals – protection for flower as well as attracting pollinators

The Stamen have a stalk (filament) that is tipped with a pad (anther) covered in pollen grains that are barbed, or sticky. The Carpel is “vase-shaped” with a ovary filled with waiting seeds, a long stalk (style), and a sticky top (stigma).

Creation of a seed 1. When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it sticks and begins to grow a “root”. 2. The root of the pollen continues down the style until it reaches the ovary. 3. When it reaches the seed, it fuses with it and creates a fertilized seed.

Fruits are used to protect the seed, and also to get animals to eat the seed for dispersal elsewhere.

Once the Dicot seed is planted, it follows a very specific process. 1. It opens the seed coat and releases it’s embryonic root and stem 2. Upon emerging from the ground, the cotyledons open and the first leaves appear. 3. Meristematic tissue continues development past the first pair of leaves (both roots and stems) 1. 2. 3.

Monocots follow the same three steps. 1. 2. 3.

Gymnosperm Reproduction Gymnosperms have both male and female cones Male cones – usually found at the highest parts of the tree. Contain pollen that is carried by wind to female cones Female cones – usually found lower on the tree than male cones. Will open to take in pollen then close tightly for germination, then open again to release the seeds

Plant Test Review Define 1. Photosynthesis 2. Eukaryotic 3. Monocot 4. Dicot 5. Cotyledon 6. Roots 7. Stems 8. Leaves 9. Xylem 10. Phloem 11. Capillary action 12. Meristem 13. Apical meristem 14. Vascular Cambium 15. Gymnosperm 16. Angiosperm 17. Female cone 18. Male cone 19. Stamen 20. Carpel 21. Sepal 22. Petal 23. Stigma 24. Style 25. Ovary 26. Filament 27. Anther 28. Pollinator 29. Seed coat 30. Fruits Questions Describe the process of seed production in dicots. Explain the growth of plants both upwards and outwards.