Chapter 22 Sections 1 Study Guide The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Overview of science in Western history ► 500s-400s BCE  During the "Golden Age of Greece," scientific research produced many theories based on observation; some are still valid today. Alexander's conquests furthered this process by spreading Hellenistic culture. ► 200s CE CE  During the Roman era, scientific research focused on practical uses of science such as civil & hydraulic engineering e.g. city planning, road building, aqueduct construction, etc. ► CE  During the Middle Ages, scientific research slowed down due to declining education and a lack of curiosity about how & why things happened. ► 600s-1600s CE in the Islamic world  Science was quite advanced in comparison with Europe. Mathematicians developed algebra and much basic work in astronomy was done (from which Europeans later benefited.)

Translated works of Muslim scientists Classical manuscripts translated and examined Printing Press Age of Exploration SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Study world by observation and questioning old or traditionally accepted beliefs CAUSES OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Two Views of the Universe: ► MEDIEVAL  Geocentric Theory  Basis: ► “Common sense” ► Classical authorities ► Christianity and Church ► SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  Heliocentric Theory  Basis: ► Copernicus  Heliocentric theory ► Brahe  Compiles data ► Kepler  Elliptical orbits  Planetary motion ► Galileo  Laws of motion  Observations of space

1. Observation of natural world leads to problem or question 2. Form hypothesis (unproved assumption) 3. Test hypothesis through experimentation 4. Analyze and interpret results REJECT HYPOTHESISCONFIRM HYPOTHESIS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD