Chapter 20 Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

States and Empires in Mesoamerica and North America Societies had limited or no contact with Africa, Asia, Europe  Brief presence of Scandinavians in Newfoundland, Canada Mesoamerica in period of war and conquest, eighth century C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

The Toltecs Toltecs migrate from northwest Mexico, settle at Tula (near modern Mexico city)  High point of civilization: C.E.  Urban population of 60,000; another 60,000 in surrounding area  Maintained close relations with societies of the Gulf Coast and the Maya  Civilization destroyed by internal strife, nomadic incursions, 1175 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

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The Mexica Tradition of kidnapping women, seizing cultivated lands Settled ca C.E. in Tenochtitlan (later becomes Mexico City) Dredged soil from lake bottom to create fertile plots of land  Chinampas, up to seven crops per year 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The Aztec Empire Mexica develop tributary empire by fifteenth century Motecuzoma I (Montezuma, ) Joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to create Aztec empire Built an empire of twelve million people, most of Mesoamerica Empire had no bureaucracy or administration; local administrators enforced tributes 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The Toltec and Aztec Empires, C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Mexica Society Most information comes from Spanish sources, recorded after the conquest Mexica warriors were the elite at the top of a rigid social hierarchy  Mostly from the Mexica aristocracy  Enjoyed great wealth, honor, and privileges 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mexica Women Mexica women had no public role, but were honored as mothers of warriors  Mexica women active in commerce and crafts  Primary purpose to bear children: women who died in childbirth were celebrated  Mothers of warriors especially lauded 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Priests Masters of complex agricultural/ritual calendars Read omens, advised rulers Occasionally became rulers as well 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cultivators and Slaves Most of the Mexica were either cultivators or slaves  Cultivators worked on chinampas (small plots of reclaimed land) or on aristocrats' land  Paid tribute and provided labor service for public works  Large number of slaves who worked as domestic servants 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mexica religion Quetzalcóatl (“the Feathered Serpent”)  Arts, crafts, agriculture Huitzilopochtli  Fourteenth-century popularity, patron of Mexica Emphasis on blood sacrifices Ritual ball game Solar calendar (365 days) and ritual calendar (260 days)  Not as elaborate as Maya calendar 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Quetzalcóatl ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Huitzilopochtli ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

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Ritual Bloodletting Human sacrifice to Huitzilopochtli Large temple at the center of Tenochtitlan, thousands of skulls More emphasis on human sacrifice than predecessor cultures Sacrificial victims had tips of fingers torn off before death, ritual wounds  Victims: Mexica criminals, captured enemy soldiers Personal rituals: piercing of calf, tongue, earlobes 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Bloodletting ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

Aztec Human Sacrifice 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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New Fire Ceremony ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

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Before the Coming of the Incas After displacement of Chavín, Moche societies Kingdom of Chucuito  Lake Titicaca (border of Peru and Bolivia)  Potato cultivation, herding of llamas, alpacas 35 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Inca Empire From valley of Cuzco Settlement around Lake Titicaca mid-thirteenth century Ruler Pachacuti (r ) expands territory  Modern Peru, parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina  Population 11.5 million 36 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Inca Empire, C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37

Inca Administration and Quipu Incas ruled by holding hostages, colonization No writing; used system of cords and knots called quipu to keep records Extensive road system linked north and south 38 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Quipu ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39

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Inca Roads Massive road-building system Two north-south roads, approximately 10,000 miles Courier and messenger services Limited long-distance trade, held by government monopoly 41 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Inca Society and Religion Inca society was also a hereditary aristocracy  Chief ruler viewed as descended from the sun, owned everything on earth  After death, mummified rulers became intermediaries with gods 45 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Inca Religion Viracocha creator god Temples as pilgrimage sites Peasant sacrifices usually produce and animals (not humans) Sin understood as disruption of divine order 46 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Viracocha ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 47

The Societies of Oceania Nomadic foragers of Australia  Virtually static culture, no agriculture Small-scale trade of surplus food, some goods  Pearly oyster shells, spears, boomerangs 48 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Aborigine with Boomerang 49 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Societies of Oceania ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 50

Polynesian Religion In Polynesian religion, priests were intermediaries between gods and humans  Gods of war and agriculture were common  The marae Mahaiatea on Tahiti was a huge step pyramid for religious rituals 51 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.