CHEMISTRY World of Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Liquids and Solids.

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CHEMISTRY World of Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Liquids and Solids

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Figure 14.1: Representations of the gas, liquid, and solid states.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 Figure 14.2: Intermolecular forces exist between molecules. Bonds exist within molecules.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Figure 14.3: (a) Interaction of two polar molecules. (b) Interaction of many dipoles in a liquid.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 Figure 14.4: Polar water molecules.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Figure 14.4: Hydrogen bonding among water molecules.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 14.5: The boiling points of covalent hydrides.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 Figure 14.6: Atoms with spherical electron probability.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved : The atom on the left develops an instantaneous dipole.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Figure 14.6: Instantaneous dipole on A induces a dipole on B.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 Figure 14.8: Both liquid water and gaseous water contain H 2 O molecules.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14 Figure 14.9: Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.15 Figure 14.10: Behavior of a liquid in a closed container.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 Figure 14.11: (a) Measuring vapor of a liquid by using a simple barometer. (b) The water vapor pushed the mercury level down. (c) Diethyl ether shows a higher vapor pressure than water.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.17 Figure 14.12: Water rapidly boiling on a stove.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 Figure 14.13: Bubble expands as H 2 O molecules enter.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 Figure 14.14: The formation of the bubble is opposed by atmospheric pressure.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.20 Figure 14.15: Sodium and chloride ions.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.21 Figure 14.17: The classes of crystalline solids.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22 Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of diamond.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.23 Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of sodium chloride.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.24 Figure 14.18: A molecular solid.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.25 Figure 14.19: The packing of Cl¯ and Na + ions in solid sodium chloride.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.26 Figure 14.21: A representation of part of the structure of solid phosphorus.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.27 Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of brass.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.28 Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of steel.