QUALITY OF HALAL MEAT Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan Country Director, Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America, Faisalabad 4/26/2017

About IFANCA? Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America Not for Profit Technical Islamic Organization Supervising production of Halal foods Certifying halal products Finding solutions for new challenges Publishing relevant information Consulting Islamic scholars on issues facing Muslims in selecting food products. 4/26/2017 2

IFANCA Strategy IFANCA strives to satisfy: Client Companies Halal Recognition Authorities Halal Consumers IFANCA - most knowledgeable organization in the field IFANCA - provides services second to none IFANCA - builds relationships with the client companies, halal recognition authorities and halal consumers. 4/26/2017 3

IFANCA Crescent M Certification IFANCA certificates and certified products accepted world over IFANCA - recognized by organizations like: MUIS Singapore JAKIM Malaysia MWL Saudi Arabia MUI Indonesia United Arab Emirates 4/26/2017 4

IFANCA Crescent M Certification Global Affiliations: IFANCA provides Halal certification in over 55 countries directly or through affiliates like: IFCE, Europe AFIC, Australia NZIMM, New Zealand 4/26/2017 5

Some Ifanca Certified Companies in Pakistan AB Mauri Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd., Lahore English Biscuit Manufacturers (Pvt.) Ltd. Karachi Coronet Foods, Hattar Capital Food Industries, Hattar 4/26/2017

Some Ifanca Certified Companies in Pakistan Gaziani Industries (Pvt) Ltd. Karachi Nabeel Industries (Pvt) Ltd., Lahore Pakistan Gum Industries (Pvt)., Ltd. Karachi Pepsi-Cola International (Private) Ltd., Hattar Super Gum Industries Ltd. Karachi 4/26/2017

Some Ifanca Certified Companies in Pakistan National Foods, Karachi Nestle Pakistan, Lahore 4/26/2017

IFANCA Halal Certification Logos 4/26/2017 9

Food laws among guidelines GUIDANCE FOR MUSLIMS Holy Quran and the Sunnah provide guidance and inspirations for life on Earth Food laws among guidelines Ensure foods Muslims eat have positive bearing on their health In fact the very first law to be passed on to Mankind was a food law: 4/26/2017

VII:19 Al-Araf 4/26/2017

THE FIRST DIVINE LAW The Holy Quran “And unto man: O Adam! Dwell thou and thy wife in the Garden and eat from whence ye will, but come not nigh this tree lest ye become wrong-doers” VII-19 - Al-Araf 4/26/2017

The last Divine law incidentally a food law Revealed during last pilgrimage of the Holy Prophet Muhammed (pbuh): “They ask thee O Muhammed what is made lawful for them. Say: all good things are made lawful for you” V:4 Al-Maidah Aim of Divine revelations: Ensure man eats right type of food for his nourishment 4/26/2017

Meat indispensable for sound human health Provides several essential nutrients: Proteins Amino acids Mineral elements Vitamins 4/26/2017

MEAT Meat subject to spoilage by: Chemical reactions Biochemical reactions Biological agents, including bacteria Meat responsible for food-borne diseases Hence must be produced to: Minimize chemical and biochemical changes Prevent chances of bacterial contamination and growth to preserve quality 4/26/2017

HALAL MEAT Slaughtering of animals and birds: essential to prepare for food purposes Pre-slaughter management and bleeding methods: regulated by legislations and religious practices Earliest recorded laws on handling, care and slaughter of animals: Revelations in the Holy Quran and Ahadith by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) 4/26/2017

ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING Islamic method of slaughtering - based on two important principles: Tasmiya Tazkiyah Tasmiya - invoking name of Allah means slaughter being done with His permission This in accordance with several commands given in the Holy Quran 4/26/2017

V:4 Al-Maidah 4/26/2017

ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING “Forbidden to you (for food,) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than God; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye are able to slaughter it (in due form) ….…………. (V:4) Al-Maidah 4/26/2017

ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING Tazkiyah means purification - cleaning meat of blood by slaughter Consumption of blood prohibited in Holy Quran - VI:146 All lawful animals and birds contain blood Blood must be drained as per these commands 4/26/2017

ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave comprehensive guidelines on slaughtering of animals in following Hadith: “Verily Allah, has prescribed proficiency in all things. Thus, if you kill, kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering to the animal he slaughters”. 4/26/2017

ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING - Slaughterer Must be adult Muslim or Must believe in Holy Scriptures Must be in possession of his mental faculties 4/26/2017

PRE-SLAUGHTER HANDLING OF ANIMALS - 1. Selection of animals Islam strictly prohibits: Pork Carrion Dead animals Carnivorous animals Birds of prey Amphibians Reptiles 4/26/2017

1. Selection of animals Islam permits: All herbivorous, even-toed ruminants Animal meant for slaughtering be: Healthy Free from any apparent or hidden impurities/diseases Must be legally owned. 4/26/2017

2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals Modern methods require animal prior to slaughtering not be subjected to Stress Fatigue Neurotic Excitement Rough handling of animals in pre-slaughter period: Adversely affects meat quality Results in dark, firm and dry meat Fatigued or starved animals Organisms from gut may invade blood stream 4/26/2017

2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals Proper relaxation before slaughtering: Helps animal to bleed well Builds up muscle glycogen to lower meat pH Increases storage life of meat by reducing chances of microbial growth Improves taste due to conditioning/ tenderness Helps delay or reduce fermentation in stomach - may otherwise give meat characteristic smell known as ‘bone taint’. 4/26/2017

2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals Undesirable - animal awaiting slaughter view slaughtering process – cause stress Animals under stress - lead to undue emotional instability, fatigue, anorexia, etc. Discharge hormones from adrenal glands: adrenaline from adrenal medulla 17 hydroxy- and 11-deoxycorticosterones from adrenal cortex Hormones deplete muscle glycogen and potassium Deleterious effects on meat quality Prevention - tranquilizers recommended to calm stocks in transit. 4/26/2017

2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals in Islam Islam promotes calm and rested animals prior to slaughtering: Not fatigued Not excited Not nervous 4/26/2017

2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals Islam prohibits Any act that causes neurosis or excitement or other abnormal behavioural changes in animal Sharpening knife in front of slaying animals Practice of collective slaughtering - other animals viewing their companion being killed Research reveals Practices inhumane Cause stress 4/26/2017

Animal to remain hungry - Fasting Animal be well fed 3. Feeding the animals Two schools of thoughts: Animal to remain hungry - Fasting Animal be well fed Advantages of fasted animals claimed: Bleed better Carcass has brighter appearance Carcass easier to dress Reduced bulk of animal’s stomach Reduced chances of bacterial contamination from gut 4/26/2017

Disadvantages of fasted animals: Loss in weight of carcass 3. Feeding the animals Disadvantages of fasted animals: Loss in weight of carcass Loss in weight of liver Lower glycogen reserves in muscles Reduced gustative quality of meat 4/26/2017

Glycogen level in muscle reaches higher level 3. Feeding the animals Well-fed animals: Glycogen level in muscle reaches higher level Ensures production of adequate lactic acid Lowers pH of meat Meat has good: Appearance Taste Tenderness Longer shelf-life 4/26/2017

Meat of soothed and well-fed animals: 3. Feeding the animals Meat of soothed and well-fed animals: pH attains 5.5 or even lower level Meat of fatigued or neurotic animals: pH varies from 6.5 to 7.0 Often recommended to feed animals prior to slaughtering - meat of good keeping and eating quality In some cases sugar solution fed to quickly restore glycogen level in tissues 4/26/2017

3. Feeding the animals in Islam Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) advised that animals destined for slaughtering be: well fed provided with drinking water Preferable - animals have free access to feed and water prior to slaughtering Result - good quality meat. 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Conventionally, slaughtering process consists of two to three different stages Depends on religious practices and legislations Stunning Jews not in favour of stunning Muslims divided on the issue Western countries require stunned Bleeding method governed by religious and national legislations 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 1. Stunning Stunning widely practiced in Western abattoirs Main objective Make animal unconscious Make death gentle and painless No standard method for all animals under all conditions Stunning effective in having calm animal 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 1. Stunning Stunning - outcome of industrial revolution Maximum animals be slaughtered in least time Probably no relation with mercy on animals Industrial revolution: Provided mankind with innumerable benefits Inflicted damaging blows on some aspects of human nutrition Example - refinement of wheat flour Stunning might turn out harmful 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Bleeding Quick incision recommended using very sharp knife on front of the neck to severe: Wind pipe Oesophagus Carotid arteries Jugular veins Positions for incision: Hanging animal on its hind legs Laying on the ground 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding To produce good carcass – bleed animal effectively Heart and respiratory system must function continuously as long as possible after severance This attained when heart and respiratory functions retained by maintaining medulla oblongata/spinal cord Animals convulse 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE - Bleeding During convulsions blood squeezed out of vessels Hence more blood drains out - a pre-requisite for meat of superior quality Evidence suggests more blood lost from sheep in horizontal position than those hung vertically 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding Blood excellent medium for growth of microorganisms Meat retaining more blood than critical level liable to bacterial spoilage Blood retention in tissues can cause unpleasant appearance and discolouration in meat Keeping and eating qualities of meat depends, in part, on removal of maximum blood from carcass 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Laying Animal for Bleeding Lay animal (except camel) on its left flank, preferably facing Kibla Laying enables animal to convulse - results from contraction of muscles due to lack of oxygen in brain cells when incision made Ensures maximum blood drainage owing to body pressure on heart - outranks other slaughtering techniques Ensures rapid onset of unconsciousness and painless death Prevents retraction of carotids 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Bleeding While giving incisions with sharp knife: Recite name of Allah: Bismillah Allah-o-Akbar Allah-o-Akbar Subhan Allah La illaha illila Takbir - religious significance to believer makes submission to Allah, that life taken out of animal with His permission 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques Slaughtering actually done in the name of Allah and not in name of any person or deity in accordance with following commands: “So eat of (meats) on which God’s name has been pronounced if ye have faith in His Signs” Vl:118, Vl:121 – Al Anam 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques Islamic method: Use sharp knife or any sharp object for bleeding except finger nail and bone Incision made in neck Throat cut transversely to severe carotid arteries, jugular veins, oesophagus and trachea without injuring spinal cord Two essentials in slaughter of animals for meat: animals be dispatched without unnecessary suffering bleeding be as complete as possible Both met in Islamic method of bleeding 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques When both carotid arteries severed unconsciousness in sheep induced between 3 to 6 seconds Islamic method ensures maximum blood drainage from body before completion of death process Connection between brain and body retained via spinal cord Brain sends messages to heart and lungs Heart pumps blood to parts of body - drained out from severed blood vessels in neck 4/26/2017

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques Results of a comparative study Maximum blood lost in Kosher method Jewish method similar to Islamic as regards physical details Minimum when chicken simply beheaded 4/26/2017

Conclusion Islamic method ensures: Minimum suffering to animal Maximum bleeding Lower pH of meat Better meat quality 4/26/2017

ANIMAL RIGHTS Islam recognized animal rights long before recognition of human rights in Western World Numerous Ahadith reflect Islam advocates kindness and mercy towards animals: Nourish animals well Save animals from hunger and thirst Show kindness to animals Do not hit or mark animal on its face Do not shoot arrows at cattle or bird tied or held up Do not fight animals for sports or recreation Do not unjustly kill even a sparrow or smaller bird (other than for food) 4/26/2017

Thank You 4/26/2017