Earth Science Unit 1.4: Weathering and Soils. The Rock Cycle.

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Presentation transcript:

Earth Science Unit 1.4: Weathering and Soils

The Rock Cycle

Weathering The breakdown of rock near the surface due to surface processes, such as: Chemical Alteration –Solution & leaching of water –Biological action –Hydration Mechanical –Impact –Wedging: Frost, Plant Roots, Salt Crystal Growth, Expansion of Hydrated Minerals

Weathering Rates

Differential Weathering and Erosion

Mass-Wasting Movement of Large Amounts of Material Downhill under Gravity Creep Mudflows Slump Rockfalls Avalanches

Surface Area and Weathering

Spheroidal Weathering

Spheroidal Weathering and Exfoliation

Spheroidal Weathering

Joints and Spheroidal Weathering

What Determines Soil Type Climate Vegetation Drainage Time Parent Material –Residual - Transported –Least Important Factor for Mature Soils

Soil Formation Processes Leaching from Surface –K, Mg, Na –Ca –Si –Al, Fe Accumulation beneath Surface –Al, Fe in Humid Climates –Ca in Arid Climates

Soil Horizons and Profiles Soil Horizons Layers in Soil Not Deposited, but Zones of Chemical Action Soil Profile Suite of Layers at a Given Locality

Principal Soil Horizons O - Organic (Humus) Often Absent A – Leaching ( Clay Removed) E - Bleached Zone - Only in Certain Soils B – Accumulation –Absent in Young Soils –Distinct in Old Soils –Al, Fe, Clay (Moist) –Si, Ca (Arid) C - Parent Material (bedrock)

Soil Classification This may be the most difficult classification problem in science because of the many factors involved. Varied Bases for Classification Parent Material Special Constituent Materials Maturity Structure Climate & Vegetation Multiple Objectives Scientific –Genesis & Evolution Agricultural –Fertility –Most Effective Use Engineering –Slope Stability –Expansion and Shrinkage –Stability of Excavations

"The 7th Approximation" U.S. Soil Conservation Service 12 Soil Orders

"The 7th Approximation" Degree of Weathering and B Horizon Development LittleSlightModerateLargeExtreme EntisolsAridisols InceptisolsAlfisols SpodosolsUltisols MollisolsOxisols Soils Defined by Special Constituent Materials AndisolsVolcanic Ash HistosolsPeat, Organic Matter Vertisols“Self-Mixing” Clay Soils GelisolsSoils on Permafrost

Soils of the U.S.

Typical Soil Profile (Spodosol)

Aridisol, Kuwait

Ultisols: Alabama Tennessee

Oxisol, California (a Paleosol)

Paleosol, Scotland