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LANGUAGE CHANGE

Change in language (partly) which takes place over time. All living languages have changed and continue to change.

THE REASON OF LANGUAGE CHANGE Immigration of people The invention of technology The economical and social values Political situation

Immigration of people The contact between the immigrants and the people of the land is normally followed by some culture introduction as well as language adjustment. English has been changing since the speakers from England immigrated to America land and to other parts of the globe such as Australia, Canada, India, and South Africa. The range in the lexicon and pronunciation among the English varieties are evidences of the change

The invention of technology New words should be often created to some new machines, tools or gadgets. In other case, old words may also be given new meaning. For example: -Mouse = animal -Mouse = a tool for moving pointer in computer

The economical and social values When a lot of people believe that English has more economic value and a social prestige, people will choose to learn English instead of other languages.

Political situation Some interference of government in the language use or the idiolects or political leaders (the president, a political party leader, etc) sometimes evoke a change of the language used in the society. The status given to a foreign language, treatment on a variety of language, and decision to use national language for international communication, are among examples of language activities that are based on political reason which potentially affect some language change.

THE KINDS OF CHANGES Sound Changes Grammatical Changes Lexical Changes Old EnglishModern English [mu:s]mouse [maus] [hu:s]house [haus] Old EnglishModern English Se man bone keening sloh.The man slew the king.

The lexical change happens when= New words are formed or borrowed = compact dics, microprosessor, bluetooth, facebook,etc. Old words modify the sounds, spellings, and or the meaning = silent word in Old English “cniht” (c is pronounced clearly), while in Modern English it becomes “knight” (k is silent). = word “holiday” used to mean ‘a (religious) holy day’ but now it means ‘any day we do not go to work or school’ Old words are not used anymore = colloquial English: top-hole (great), brill (superb), groovy (wonderful)

LANGUAGE SHIFT Language Shift is a form of full amount language change. The concept refers to a situation where a speech-community begins to entirely use a new language, or in other words, discontinues the use of their former language for their communication needs.

Language shift usually happens over generations. In Indonesia some scholars of local vernacular studies (Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese) are worried with reducing numbers of the users of local tongues following the shifting toward the use of Indonesian. The shifting is found mostly in the young generation.

LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Language maintenance refers simply to the preservation by a speech community of its native language from generation to generation. Preservation implies that language changes only by small degrees in the short run owing to internal developments and/or (limited) contact with other languages. Hence the various subsystems of the language, the phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and core lexicon, remain relatively intact.

Some factors in language maintenance: Large numbers of speakers Concentration of living Identity and pride of culture Better economic condition

LANGUAGE DEATH A dying language is a language spoken by fewer and fewer people from time to time. A dead language is a language that has no speakers anymore because the speakers have totally shifted to another language.

TWO TYPES OF LANGUAGE DEATH 1.THE PARTIAL LANGUAGE DEATH During the first years some Indonesian families arriving in Australia and having a settlement there may still want to use Indonesian. After they have children (the second generation), the children may begin to speak English only. However, after the third generation emerges, none of the families may be found to speak Indonesian anymore. In this phase, Indonesian language is under the status of ‘dead’. The death of Indonesian, however is partial because in other parts of the world, Indonesian language is still spoken.

2. The total language death The total language death happens when the language has no more speakers left. The situation is more likely no come about to the language spoken by minority than the languages with lots of speakers. Factors that are said to cause the death of language include an amalgamation of an extreme of political pressure from the speaker of other language, deadly diseases that severely attack the speakers, and economic reason associated with the use of the language.

Thus, suppose that all Indonesia speakers (native and non-natives) around the world are not using Indonesian anymore, Indonesian language is in the state of totally dead.