THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF PLANTS ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module

TAXONOMIC PROCESS AND RANKS  Kingdom-Highest Classification Ranking (5)  Plantae-Plants  Animalia-Animals  Monera-Bacteria and Blue-Green Algae  Protista-All other Algae and Protozoans  Mycota-Fungi  Phylum-Second Classification Ranking  Plantae- Phylums are unranked  Classified by reproductive structure and Vascular structure  Class- Third Classification Ranking  Specific to plant structure and presence of/ kinds of seeds Image retrieved from: ogical_classification

SUBKINGDOMS Thallobionta  Contains plants lacking  True roots  Stems  Leaves  Composed of 10 divisions of algae and fungi  Algae and Fungi no longer classified in Plantae Kingdom Embryobionta  Composed of two groups  Bryophyta  Vascular Plants

BRYOPHYTES  Non-Vascular Plants  Simple structure  Lack true roots, stems, and leaves  Found in moist places or in water  Liverworts and mosses (see photo) Image retrieved from:

VASCULAR PLANTS  Plants have true roots, stems, and leaves  Established vascular system  Xylem and phloem  Contains 7 divisions  3 represented by very few species  1 extinct  Only known in fossils  Polpodiophyta-Ferns  Pinophyta-Gymnosperms  Magnoliophyta-Angiosperms Image retrieved from: Image retrieved from: /Vascular_tissue

This is the basic structure of plants Image retrieved from: ogy_place/biocoach/plants/basic.html

ROOTS  Functions  Anchor plant  Absorb water and minerals from the soil  Food Storage  Root Systems consist of  Primary Root  Grows from the embryo  Secondary Root  Branches of the primary roots  Often fibrous  Become permanent roots of most monocotyledons  Root Hairs  Special cell extensions at tip of roots  Absorbs water and minerals Image retrieved from:

ROOTS Image retrieved from: iksha.org.in/eCo ntent- Show.do?docum entId=210 Image retrieved from: a.com/health/nutrition- how-does-your-produce- grow

STEMS  Form the above-ground structure for plants  Attachment for leaves, flowers, and fruits  Contain Vascular system of plant  Made up of Xylem and Phloem  Differ in Monocots and Dicots  Bears leaves and buds  Nodes-point on Stem where leaf is or was attached  Area between nodes are internodes Image retrieved from: com/staff/jaskew/I SR/botzo/botanyi ntro.htm

LEAVES Main function is to make food and other chemicals for the plant  Parts of complete leaves  Blade-broad, thin part of the leaf  Petiole-narrow, cylindrical part  Stipule-small, leaf-like attachments  Not all leaves have stipules  Parts of grass leaves  Blade  Sheath-at the base of the blade surrounding the stem  Ligule-a collar-like piece at the base of the blade and top of the sheath  Auricles-surrounds the stem at the junction of the blade and sheath Image retrieved from: aves.html Image retrieved from: images.com/beautiful-leaves- folded-leaved-panic-grass-p- 670.html

LEAVES SimpleCompound Image retrieved from: herbarium/trees/simple_compound_leaves 01.htm

REFERENCES Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar. Plant Stem photos: 1)Image retrieved from: 2)Image retrieved from: quality-affects-corn-growth-and-yieldhttp:// quality-affects-corn-growth-and-yield 3)Image retrieved from: