Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation ROBERT W. BAUMAN M ICROBIOLOGY ALTERNATE EDITION WITH DISEASES BY BODY SYSTEM Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) Began making and looking through simple microscopes Often made new microscope for each specimen Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single celled protozoa; “animalcules” By end of 19 th century, these organisms were called microbes Leeuwenhoek known as Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology The Early Years of Microbiology
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carolus Linnaeus developed system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together (taxonomic system) Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms grouped into five categories: Fungi Protozoa Algae Prokaryotes Small animals How Can Microbes Be Classified?
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus) Obtain food from other organisms Possess cell walls Composed of: Molds – multicellular; have hyphae; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores Yeasts – unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores Fungi
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Examples of Fungi
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Examples of Fungi
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Single-celled eukaryotes Similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure Typically live freely in water; some live inside animal hosts Most reproduce asexually; some reproduce sexually Most are capable of locomotion by Pseudopodia – cell extensions that flow in direction of travel Cilia – numerous, short, hairlike protrusions that propel organisms through environment Flagella – extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia Protozoa
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Examples of Protozoa
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Examples of Protozoa
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Examples of Protozoa
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unicellular or multicellular Photosynthetic Simple reproductive structures Categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell wall Algae
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Examples of Algae
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unicellular and lack nuclei Much smaller than eukaryotes Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some found in extreme environments Reproduce asexually Two kinds Bacteria – cell walls contain peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls; most do not cause disease and some are beneficial Archaea – cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan Prokaryotes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7 Examples of Prokaryotes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.9 Other Organisms of Importance to Microbiologists
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pasteur developed germ theory of disease Robert Koch studied causative agents of disease Anthrax Examined colonies of microorganisms Because of his achievements, Koch is considered Father of the Microbiological Laboratory What Causes Disease?
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple staining techniques First photomicrograph of bacteria First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue Techniques for estimating CFU/ml Use of steam to sterilize media Use of Petri dishes Aseptic techniques Bacteria as distinct species Laboratory Microbiology Advances by Koch and Others
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host When agent in introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease Same agent must be reisolated from diseased experimental host Koch’s Postulates
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Semmelweis and Handwashing Lister’s Antiseptic Technique Nightingale and Nursing Snow and Epidemiology – infection control and epidemiology Jenner’s Vaccine – field of immunology Ehrlich’s “Magic Bullets” – field of chemotherapy How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? Biochemistry How Do Genes Work? Microbial Genetics Molecular Biology Recombinant DNA Technology Gene Therapy The Modern Age of Microbiology
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What Role Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? Environmental Microbiology How Do We Defend Against Disease? Serology Immunology Chemotherapy The Modern Age of Microbiology (continued)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Began with Pasteur’s work on fermentation and Buchner’s discovery of enzymes in yeast extract Kluyver and van Niel – microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions Practical applications Design of herbicides and pesticides Diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patient’s responses to treatment Treatment of metabolic diseases Drug design Biochemistry
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Avery, MacLeod and McCarty determined genes are contained in molecules of DNA Beadle and Tatum established that a gene’s activity is related to protein function How genetic information is translated into protein Rates and mechanisms of genetic mutation How cells control genetic expression Microbial Genetics
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecular Biology Explains cell function at the molecular level Genome sequencing Pauling proposed that gene sequences could Provide understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes Establish taxonomic categories that reflect these relationships Identify existence of microbes that have never been cultured Woese – cells belong to bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications Production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs Recombinant DNA Technology
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans using viruses that carry the desired gene Gene Therapy
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fleming discovered penicillin Domagk discovered sulfa drugs Chemotherapy