Mining

It’s a mineral if it… Is naturally occurring Is an inorganic compound Has specific physical and chemical properties (melting point, density, hardness)

Minerals are non-renewable Resources are mineral deposits that are presumed to exist Reserves are known to exist and are economically exploitable – Strategic reserves are stock piled by government for emergency use (?) The most accessible deposits are already being used

What are our options when high grade ores are depleted? exploit lower grade ores (costs more, more environmental impact) recycle, reuse Find substitutes or do without

Environmental Impacts Exploration is not totally benign activities can fragment and destroy habitat and cause physical changes in land, soil, water

Subsurface mining more dangerous to miners, but less damaging to environment

Surface mining strip mining, mountaintop removal more profitable less dangerous for workers… …but more environmentally destructive

Acid Mine Drainage sulfides from deposits can contaminate surface and ground water

Problems Written for "pick and shovel" miners, not modern mining techniques Subsidizes large mining companies, they keep all profits from mines Many more people live in the West now and are exposed to contamination When companies declare bankruptcy, taxpayers must pay for cleanup Mining practices can undermine environmental protection Make amendments!

Social Impact Bust and boom economy Original influx of people stretches local services When mines close communities are abandoned

Surface Mine Reclamation Act of 1977 Federal law that requires reclamation of coal mines. Some states require mineral mine reclamation

General Mining Act of 1872 Designed to promote development and economy out West Opened public land to prospecting and mining. Land can be explored and minerals extracted for $5/acre Miners do not pay royalties