The Long 19 th Century

Revolutions of the 18 th Century Inflexibility of the old order (ancien regime), enlightenment thought and mercantilism in Europe give rise to rebellion Inflexibility of the old order (ancien regime), enlightenment thought and mercantilism in Europe give rise to rebellion Excessive taxation in the Americas to pay for the French & Indian War provoked colonists Excessive taxation in the Americas to pay for the French & Indian War provoked colonists American ( ) American ( ) French ( ) French ( ) Haitian ( ) Haitian ( )

Industrial Revolution Britain first- 1750s, Europe 1800s Britain first- 1750s, Europe 1800s Enclosure movement in Britain freed up labor for factories Enclosure movement in Britain freed up labor for factories Linked to successes in colonization Linked to successes in colonization Division of labor/mechanization Division of labor/mechanization Capitalism Capitalism Transportation (RR-1830s) Transportation (RR-1830s)

Effects of Industrial Revolution Effects on society include decreased use of slave labor, change in women’s/children’s roles Effects on society include decreased use of slave labor, change in women’s/children’s roles Huge population increase Huge population increase Governments become more involved in regulation Governments become more involved in regulation Mass migration Mass migration Reform movements Reform movements

Revolutions in the Americas Unrest and desire for self-government caused by: Unrest and desire for self-government caused by: Spread of Enlightenment ideas to S. America Spread of Enlightenment ideas to S. America Napoleon’s overthrow of Spain illegitimating continental rule Napoleon’s overthrow of Spain illegitimating continental rule Tremendous class/wealth differences Tremendous class/wealth differences The success of N. America as a model for government The success of N. America as a model for government Mexico (1810, 1821, 1857), Brazil (1822), Gran Colombia ( ) Mexico (1810, 1821, 1857), Brazil (1822), Gran Colombia ( ) Canada becomes independent in 1867 Canada becomes independent in 1867

Why was it so hard to steadily govern the new South American countries? Little experience with democracy, constitutions Little experience with democracy, constitutions Powerful elite were reluctant to give up power, economic capital (slaves) Powerful elite were reluctant to give up power, economic capital (slaves) Political participation was so limited that there was no way to rebel, except violently Political participation was so limited that there was no way to rebel, except violently Elites also held many different beliefs; liberal or conservative, Catholic or secular, federalist or centralist Elites also held many different beliefs; liberal or conservative, Catholic or secular, federalist or centralist Regionalism Regionalism

Early Imperialism in Africa Zulu Empire to 1870s Zulu Empire to 1870s Sokoto Caliphate Sokoto Caliphate Slave trade decreases Slave trade decreases “Legitimate Trade” increases “Legitimate Trade” increases South Africa- Dutch v. British South Africa- Dutch v. British Egypt- Attempted modernization under Muhammad Ali, ended up becoming British colony Egypt- Attempted modernization under Muhammad Ali, ended up becoming British colony

India- British Raj British army paid better British army paid better Abuses of EIC led to greater direct involvement of the British government Abuses of EIC led to greater direct involvement of the British government Pretense of keeping Indian culture and traditions Pretense of keeping Indian culture and traditions Sepoy Rebellion 1857 Sepoy Rebellion 1857 Rammouhan Roy Rammouhan Roy Indian National Congress formed in 1885 Indian National Congress formed in 1885

Decline & Reform in Major Land Empires- Ottoman and Qing Ottoman- Ottoman- Decline: Corrupt government, failure to keep up with new military technology, failure to modernize/colonize, big population increaseDecline: Corrupt government, failure to keep up with new military technology, failure to modernize/colonize, big population increase Reform: Tanzimat, Janissaries become less powerfulReform: Tanzimat, Janissaries become less powerful Qing- Qing- Decline: Europeans had been summarily rebuked- Macartney mission, Canton Sytem + obsolete military tactics = OPIUM WAR Decline: Europeans had been summarily rebuked- Macartney mission, Canton Sytem + obsolete military tactics = OPIUM WAR Reform: Taiping Rebellion , Self-Strengthening Movement, One Hundred Days ReformReform: Taiping Rebellion , Self-Strengthening Movement, One Hundred Days Reform Fall of Qing 1911Fall of Qing 1911

Japan Commodore Perry forces Japan to open itself to the West Commodore Perry forces Japan to open itself to the West Brief civil war, resulting in the overthrow of the Shogunate (supplied with weapons from US Civil War!) Brief civil war, resulting in the overthrow of the Shogunate (supplied with weapons from US Civil War!) Meiji Restoration, 1868 Meiji Restoration, 1868 Westernized economy, production, and education Westernized economy, production, and education

How Were They Similar? All unexpectedly discovered their military inferiority to Western nations, which prompted reform All unexpectedly discovered their military inferiority to Western nations, which prompted reform Extraterritorial communities allowed for foreign merchants to further expand their hold on trade Extraterritorial communities allowed for foreign merchants to further expand their hold on trade Internal weaknesses, including corruption in the government, famine, population growth, agricultural decline, and falling revenue all contributed to the decline of these governments in the 19 th century Internal weaknesses, including corruption in the government, famine, population growth, agricultural decline, and falling revenue all contributed to the decline of these governments in the 19 th century

Changes in Europe & Russia Nationalism Nationalism Otto Von Bismarck & realpolitick Otto Von Bismarck & realpolitick The “New” Imperialism (1885 Berlin West Africa Conference) The “New” Imperialism (1885 Berlin West Africa Conference) Communism Communism Crimean War demonstrates the need for Russia to catch up militarily Crimean War demonstrates the need for Russia to catch up militarily Emancipation of the serfs, 1861 Emancipation of the serfs, 1861

The New Imperialism Based in economics- labor, raw materials Based in economics- labor, raw materials America annexes/exerts control over Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba America annexes/exerts control over Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba Economic domination of Latin America as well- US companies control the development of industrial infrastructure Economic domination of Latin America as well- US companies control the development of industrial infrastructure