The World of Psychology: An Overview

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Presentation transcript:

The World of Psychology: An Overview What is psychology, and how did it grow?

What Is Psychology? The science that seeks to understand behavior and mental processes, and to apply that understanding in the service of human welfare.

Academic Psychology Biological Perception Consciousness Learning Memory Cognition Motivation/Emotion Developmental Personality Social Disorders Next

Testosterone and Aggression Grp None no T Low Grp Early T No T Low Grp Late T no T Low Group Both T High Early Late Result Return

Figure 1.1: What Do You See? An elderly father-in-law or a husband? Perception involves more than just passively receiving information. Return

In-class only Return

Two Examples Spotlight Effect Illusion of Transparency Return

Typical Work Settings Mental Health Facilities Universities and Colleges Business Schools Other (Miltary, Prisons, Public Policy)

Historical Roots of Psychology Used laboratory science methods to study consciousness. Changed psychology from a philosophy to a science of mental processes. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Structuralism Founder: Edward Titchener, trained by Wundt Goals: To study conscious experience and how elements of consciousness are structure in humans. Methods: Experiments; introspection. Application: “Pure scientific research” Spurred development of psychological laboratories.

Introspection Describe the intensity and clarity of the sensations and images that make up your experience of this object.

Gestalt Psychology Founder: Max Wertheimer Goals: To describe organization of mental processes. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” Methods: Observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena. Applications: Understanding visual illusions; laid groundwork for humanistic and cognitive psychology.

Psychoanalysis Founder: Sigmund Freud Goals: To explain personality and behavior and develop techniques for treating mental illness. Methods: Study of individual cases. Applications: Development of psychotherapy; emphasis on childhood, role of unconscious processes.

Functionalism Founder: William James Goals: To study how the mind works in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment. Methods: Naturalistic observations of animal and human behavior. Applications: Child psychology; educational and industrial psychology; study of individual differences.

Behaviorism Founders: John B. Watson; B. F. Skinner Goals: To study observable behavior and explain behavior via learning principles. Methods: Observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. Application: Behavior modification; improved teaching methods.

Watson’s Famous Quote “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, abilities, vocation, and race of his ancestors”.

Current Approaches Biological Approach: Emphasizes activity of the nervous system, especially the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics. Evolutionary Approach: In what ways do behavior and mental processes aid reproduction and survival. Behavioral Approach: Emphasizes learning and how environmental circumstances dictate behavior.

Approaches (cont’d) Cognitive Approach: Emphasizes how people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information Humanistic: Focuses on the attributions and choices made by the individual Psychodynamic: Conflicts between underlying biology and societal goals. Cultural/Personality: Effects of individual traits and cultural upbringing on behavior.

Impact of Sociocultural Diversity on Psychology Are all people essentially the same? Sometimes “Yes”: Most basic processes of perception and learning are shared Sometimes “No”: Sociocultural variables shape what people make of those experiences and what they learn from them. Culture is an organizing and stabilizing influence.

Individualist Collectivist Separate identity Meeting personal goals; being unique Self-assurance, express individuality Personal credit for success; Blame external factors for failure Self frame of reference Connectedness Belonging, Meet obligations Self-restrain, self-effacing, Social unit credit for success; Blame internal factors for failure Group frame of reference

Cultural Values in Advertising-- Korean or U.S. Advertisements? “She’s got a style all her own” ANSWER: ? “You, only better” “A more exhilarating way to provide for your family” “We have a way of bringing people closer together” “Celebrating a half-century of partnership” ANSWER: ? “How to protect the most personal part of the environment: Your skin” “Our family agrees with this selection of home furnishings” “A leader among leaders” Source: Brehm, Kassin, Fein, Social Psychology, 4/e (1999)