Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 61 The Respiratory System ► The respiratory system consists of:  The lungs.  The respiratory tract. ► It supplies the body’s constant need for oxygen in order for the body to stay in a state of “homeostasis”

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 62 Functions: ► Provides the structures for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide ► Responsible for sound production by passing air over the vocal cords ► 3 types of respiration:  External  Internal  Cellular

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 63

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 64 Nose (nostrils) ► Where air enters ► Nasal septum divides the nose into 2 cavities ► Cavities lined with mucous which helps to moisten the air as it enters and trap dirt and pathogens  By the time air enters the lungs it has been warmed, filtered and moistened ► Cilia are present in anterior portion of nose: tiny hair-like structures that push particles toward the stomach to be swallowed ► Olfactory receptors provide sense of smell ► Lacrimal ducts drain tears from the eye into the nose to provide extra moisture for the air

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 65

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 66 Sinuses ► Cavities in the skull around the nasal area  Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid & ethmoid ► Connected to the nasal cavity by short ducts ► Lined with mucous that warms and moistens air ► Provides resonance for the voice

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 67

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 68 Pharynx (throat) ► Found behind the nasal cavities ► About 5 inches long ► Passageway for both food and air. ► Divided into 3 sections:  Nasopharynx – upper portion; tonsils and eustachian tube openings are found here  Oropharynx – middle section; receives both air and food from the mouth  Laryngopharynx – bottom section; branches into the trachea which carries air to and from the lungs and the esophagus which carries food to the stomach

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 69

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 610 Larynx Larynx (voice box) Larynx ► Contains the vocal cords. ► Found between the pharynx and trachea ► Joined at an angle to form the thyroid cartilage, or Adam’s apple ► Contains the vocal cords  Opening between cords is called glottis  Epiglottis is leaf-like structure that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing; prevents food and liquids from entering the lungs  Air leaves lungs, the vocal cords vibrate and produce sound  Tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speech

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 611 Epiglottis

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 612 Trachea Trachea (windpipe) Trachea ► Tube that connects the larynx and carries air to the right and left bronchi. ► Lined with mucus to trap dust particles. Coughing and expectoration dislodges and eliminates dust mucus ► Series of C-shaped cartilage that help keep the trachea open

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 613

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 614 Bronchi ► 2 division near the center of the chest ► Each bronchi enters a lung and carries air from the trachea to the lung ► In the lungs, the bronchi continue to divide into smaller branches called bronchioles ► Smallest bronchioles end in air sacs called alveoli

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 615

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 616 Alveoli ► Air sacs that resemble a bunch of grapes ► Adult lungs contain about 500 million ► Inner surfaces of the alveoli are covered with lipid (fatty) material called surfactant  Helps stabilize the alveoli and prevent collapse ► Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between the blood and the lungs

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 617

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 618 Lungs ► Organs that contain division of the bronchi and alveoli ► Right lung has 3 sections  Superior  Middle  Inferior ► Left lung smaller because the heart lies more to the left side of the chest ► Double-layer membrane that lines each lung called pleura  Visceral – attached to the surface of the lung  Parietal – attached to the chest wall

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 619 External Respiration ► A.k.a. “breathing” ► Exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide between the lungs, the body and the outside environment ► Inspiration: when air enters the body  Warmed  Moistened  Filtered ► Expiration: when air leaves the body

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 620 ► Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream ► Oxygen enters the alveoli ► Concentration of Oxygen in the alveoli becomes higher than the concentration of Oxygen in the bloodstream ► Oxygen leaves alveoli and enters the capillaries (bloodstream) ► Carbon dioxide, which is carried as waste by the capillaries, leaves the bloodstream and enters the alveoli ► Alveoli expel it from the body during expiration Oxygen exchange Oxygen exchange

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 621 Internal respiration ► Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the cells and the bloodstream ► Oxygen is carried to the cells by the capillaries ► Concentration of O2 is higher in the blood than in the cells causing oxygen to leave the blood and enter the cells ► This leads to cellular respiration…..

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 622 Cellular Respiration ► Cells use oxygen to produce energy ► Chemical reaction occurs causing energy (ATP) from food to be released, usually in the form of heat, to maintain body temperature ► When food is burned, it gives off waste products through carbon dioxide and are carried away through cellular respiration

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Types of Respiration ► Apnea  Temporary stoppage of breathing ► Dyspnea  Difficult or painful breathing ► Eupnea  Normal or easy breathing ► Hyperpnea  Increase in depth and rate of breathing and abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements ► Orthpnea  Difficult breathing when in horizontal position ► Tachypnea  Abnormally rapid and shallow rate of respiration ► Hyperventilation  Rapid breathing where body loses excess carbon dioxide too quickly; caused by disease or stress Chapter 623

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 624 Diseases ► Asthma ► Bronchitis ► COPD ► Emphysema ► Epistaxis ► Influenza ► Laryngitis ► Lung cancer ► Pleurisy ► Pneumonia ► Rhinitis ► Sinusitis ► Tuberculosis ► URI

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 625 Asthma ► Caused by sensitivity to allergen (dust, pollen, animals) ► Symptoms occur when bronchioles narrow due to spasm causing tightness in chest ► Treatment  Medication to open bronchioles  oxygen

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ► Bronchitis – Xtranormal (dual actor) Bronchitis – Xtranormal Bronchitis – Xtranormal ► Bronchitis – xtranormal (single actor) Bronchitis – xtranormal Bronchitis – xtranormal Chapter 626

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 627 Bronchitis ► Inflammation of the bronchi  Acute – caused by infection  Chronic – occurs after frequent acute attacks; more susceptible to reoccurrence ► Symptoms:  Chest pain, wheezing, dyspnea (difficulty breathing) ► Treatment:  No cure – antibiotics to fight infection and medication to open bronchi

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 628 COPD ► Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder ► Any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airway ► Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, etc. ► Smoking is primary cause, but allergies and chronic infections are also factors

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 629 Emphysema ► Noninfectious chronic respiratory condition ► Occurs when walls of the alveoli deteriorate and become less elastic ► Carbon dioxide remains trapped in alveoli ► Common causes:  Heavy smoking  Prolong exposure to pollution ► Treatment: no cure – medication, oxygen

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 630 Expistaxis ► A.k.a. nosebleed ► Capillaries in nose become congested and bleed ► Causes:  Injury to nose  Hypertension  Hemophilia  Leukemia ► Treatment: compress nostrils, elevate the head and tilt it slightly forward, apply cold compress

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 631 Influenza ► Highly contagious viral infection ► Symptoms include chills, fever, sore throat, runny nose, fatigue ► Treatment: bedrest and fluids ► No cure – treat symptoms

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 632 Laryngitis ► Inflammation of the larynx (vocal cords) ► Occurs with other respiratory infections ► Causes horseness, sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) ► Treatment – no cure; treat symptoms

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 633 Lung cancer ► Leading cause of death in men and women ► Preventable – main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco ► No symptoms in early stages  Chronic cough  Hemoptysis – coughing up blood  Dyspnea and chest pain  Fatigue and weight loss ► Treatment: surgery/chemotherapy/radiation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 634 Pleurisy ► Inflammation of the pleura of the lungs ► Usually occurs w/ pneumonia or infections ► Symptoms:  Stabbing pain while breathing  Crepitation (grating sound in lungs)  Dyspnea and fever ► Treatment: medication for pain, congestion, and infection; possible surgery to open cavities

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 635 Pneumonia ► Inflammation or infection of lungs w/ a buildup of fluid in the alveoli ► Can be bacterial, viral or chemical ► Symptoms: chills, fever, chest pain, cough, dyspnea, fatigue ► Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial, treat symptoms

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 636 Rhinitis ► Inflammation of nasal membrane resulting in runny nose ► Common cause in infection and allergies ► Treatment – treat symptoms and antibiotics if bacterial

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 637 Sinusitis ► Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the sinuses ► Bacterial or viral ► Symptoms: headache, congestion, loss of resonance in voice ► Treat symptoms; antibiotics if bacterial

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 638 Tuberculosis ► Infectious disease caused by bacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis) ► Lesions form within the lung tissue ► Organisms remain dormant ► Active case can occur if body has low resistance ► Treatment – medications for 1 year or more to destroy the bacteria; good nutrition ► Becoming more widespread due to influx of immigrants

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 639 Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) ► A.k.a. common cold ► Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract ► Caused by virus and highly contagious ► Symptoms – fever, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, sore throat, cough ► Treatment – no cure; treat symptoms