Matter vs. Energy

What is energy? Energy is a force that causes a system to work

What kinds of energy are there? Potential (stored)Kinetic (moving) Chemical Gravitational Nuclear Thermal (heat) Sound Electrical Electromagnetic (light) Nuclear

Practice: Potential or Kinetic? Food Glowing hot piece of metal Book sitting on the edge of a table Meteorite falling through the sky Glowing hot piece of metal Stretched out rubber band

How are matter and energy related? E = mc 2 [Energy] = [mass] x [speed of light] Just like matter; energy must also be conserved.

Energy Levels of Matter SolidLow Energy Liquid Gas PlasmaHigh Energy THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ICE AND WATER VAPOR IS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY THE WATER PARTICLES HAVE!

propertysolidliquidgas densityhighesthighlow compressibilitylow high volumeconstant fills container shapeconstantfits containerfills container structureordereddisordered

Solids Characteristics of solids  Definite shape  Definite volume  Virtually incompressible particles  Expand only slightly when heated  High density  Generally hard Two main types of solids  Crystalline solids  Amorphous solids (non-crystalline)

Crystalline Solids Solids in which the atoms, molecules, or ions have a highly regular arrangement  Lattice = the highly regular arrangement of crystals; or an orderly and repeating arrangement pattern  Ex: cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal Examples of crystalline solids  NaCl (table salt), graphite & diamonds, iron & silver, sugar

Amorphous Solids Have NO regular structure Don’t form crystals Occurs when liquids cool and solidify quickly or when very long molecules tangle up with each other and prevent crystal formation  Ex. glass, wax, gels, rubber, some plastics, foam, emulsions

Liquids Characteristics of Liquids  Constant volume  No definite shape Take the shape of their container  Expand when heated  High density  Form of matter that flows (has fluidity)  Nearly incompressible particles Ex. water, mercury, alcohols

Gases Characteristics of Gases  No definite shape Conforms to the shape of its container  No definite volume Fills the entire volume of container its in  Easily compressible particles  Form of matter that flows (has fluidity)  Low density Ex. Chlorine, Helium, Methane, Nitrogen, the air we breathe (mixture of N, O, Ar) Gas particles small spread far apart from each other in constant and random motion (so high energy)

SIDENOTE: A gaseous substance that is found as a solid or liquid at room temperature is called vapor. Substances that easily evaporate at room temperature are volatile

Plasma Most of the matter in the universe is in the form of plasma Plasma = ionized (charged) gases Formed by heating or ionizing a gas No definite shape or volume Can conduct electricity Ex: the sun & other stars, lightning, found inside neon & fluorescent lighting