Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

alcohols acids bases

The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right

ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

Reaction Types: Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water Dehydration/Condensation - two components brought together, produces H 2 O Endergonic - requires the input of energy Exergonic - releases energy Redox (oxidation-reduction) - electron transfer reactions

REDOX Oxidation Involves Loss Reduction Involves Gain OIL RIG

MACROMOLECULES - Monomers link together to form polymers Dehydration/Condensation reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

Redox Reactions Explained

Some Molecules

MACROMOLECULES important to life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

1. CARBOHYDRATES monosaccharides - simple ring sugars  ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined  sucrose, lactose, maltose polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers cellulose & chitin are structural polymers

2. Lipids Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* Fats* & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at room temperature

Lipids and Fatty Acids

3. Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Support | Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later) There are 20 known amino acids

Proteins

Proteins have four shapes 1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain 2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha(α) helix or beta (β) pleated sheet) 3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous) 4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

Nucleic Acids Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid) Each nucleotide consists of: 1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogenous base - adenine (A) - thymine (T) - guanine (G) - cytosine (C) - uracil (U) (in RNA only)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

MATCHING a. carbohydrate b. lipids c. protein d. nucleic acids 1. contains adenine and thymine 2. lactose 3. chains of amino acids 4. long term energy storage 5. cholesterol 6. chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7. plant cell walls