The Chemistry of Life Anatomy and Physiology

Hierarchy of Structures Rattlebox Moth (Ex.)Rattlebox Moth

So, what elements make up the molecules of life? The Star of the Show

Why Study Carbon? _______________________ Cells are: –~72% __________ –~25% ________________________________ carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids –~3% __________________________ Na, Cl, K…

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon atoms are versatile building blocks –Forms___________________________________ ________________________________________ –Can_____________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ –Can_____________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ –_______________________________________ –____________________________________ H H C H H

Valence electrons – are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. Valence – refers to the number of covalent bonds an atom of an element can form: C is __ H is ___ O is ___ N is ___

Macromolecules are the compounds of life carbon framework (organic)carbon framework (organic) they are polymers made of repeating subunits called monomers like “____________________________________ _____________________________________they are polymers made of repeating subunits called monomers like “____________________________________ _____________________________________ –poly means ____________________________ –meros means __________________________ –mono means ___________________________ Macro- ____________________

______________________________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ ____________________________________________ 4 types of Macromolecules and our body gets them/builds them from food and water

Carbohydrates are polysacharrides These are all SUGARS Monomers (subunits) Monomers (subunits) –Simple sugars = __________________________ FUNCTIONS 1)__________________________ a) ________________ in plants b) ________________ in animals 2) _____________________ such as 1) ________________ (plant cell walls) 2) _________________(exoskeleton of insects) Glucose – simple sugar made by plants during photosynthesis

Simple & complex sugars _________________________ –simple 1 monomer sugars –glucose __________________________ –2 monomers –sucrose __________________________ –large polymers –starch OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

Some Carbohydrates (polymer “necklaces” made of monomer glucose “pearls”)

Monomer subunitsMonomer subunits –_______________________= ___ –There are –There are _________ Here are a few of many, many functions: 1)2)3)4)5)Proteins

Proteins Structure –monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids –polymer = polypeptide protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together large & complex 3D molecules hemoglobin growth hormones

Nucleic Acids - information molecules Monomer subunits ______________________________________________ FunctionFunctionExamples1.2.

Nucleotides have three parts: a phosphate, sugar, and a base (A, G, C, T, or U)

proteins DNA Nucleic Acids Function: –genetic material stores information transfers information

Lipids Lipids are composed of C, H, O “Family groups” Do not form polymers

Lipids - all have hydrophobic properties “water fearing” Functions / examples: 1)2)3)

Saturated Fats All ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ___ ______ double bonds.

Unsaturated Fats _________________________________ ________________________ –plant & fish fats –vegetable oils –liquid at room temperature mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated?

saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

Phospholipids- ___________________________ ___________________________ __

Phospholipids make up the cell membrane bilayer Water (outside the cell) Water (inside the cell)

Another lipid: Steroids Structure: –examples: cholesterol