Xavier Fung Miriam Hjertnes

 Thought, mood and anxiety disorder  Neurotransmitter and messaging centre disturbed  Affects ones perception of reality  – in Norway  600 – 800 per year approxiamately  Rough estimate  10% suicide rate

1) Paranoid type – suspicions, paranoia and relationship difficulties 2) Disorganized type – Disorder and Flat effect. Occurs earlier and gradually, disorganized speech and behavior, trouble taking care of themselves 3) Catatonic type – Disturbance in movement and decreased motor activity

 Positive symptoms – distort and exaggerated sights, sounds, thoughts and behavior - Beliefs, hallucinations, bizzare behavior and disorganized sppech, thoughts and movement  Negative symptoms – lack of motion or interest and flat effect, personal hygeine - Alogia and lack of speech, Avoltion and Anhedonia, posturing

1) Genetic factors – only influencing  First degree relative  10%  General population  1%  60%  no family history 2) Environmental factors – trigger  High levels of stress  examples  Cortisol concentration increase

 Abnormalties: temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, frontal lobe  Two main neurotransmitters– dopamine, glutamate 40 – 50% Schizophrenics have abnormalities Enlarged brain ventricles

PET scans - Regions of the brain that are activated when a person performs a memory task.

 Movement and thoughts, reward, feelings and pleasure  High levels = psychotic and paranoid thinking  Larger amount of dopamine receptors in schizophrenics  Overactive dopamine system  Amphetamine induces dopamine and symptoms of schizophrenia

 Learning and formation and encoding of memory  Inhibition of glutamate receptors cause symptoms of schizophrenia e.g. PCP and ketamine  High levels of glutamate inhibitors  thought disorders  Glutamate receptors located throughout the brain  widespread cortical dysfunction  Located in brain circuits regulating dopamine release  dopamine concentration is linked to glutamate activity

 25% recovery  Medication + psychosocial treatment + regular examination  Exercise of Cognitive and Social skills  Men diagnosed earlier and tend to have have greater social dysfunction  Encouragement and help controlling of symptoms

 Learning required social skills  Supporting goals and activities  Regaining confidence – ordinary tasks  Group therapy + medication  Family therapy reduces relapse rate below 10%

 Antidepressant  Antipsychotic  Anti-anxiety  Challenges -cease taking medication

 Normalise biochemical imbalances, reduce relapse  Two types 1) Traditional Antipsychotics – hallucinations, delusions and confusions – block dopamine receptors 2) New antipsychotics – may work on both serotonin and deopamine receptors, fewer side effects and more effective   Atypical antipsychotics- Stabalization of mood, decreases frequency and intensity of mood swings – side effects Used as priority medication

 1% of world  Roughly 1.5million will be diagnosed every year  Prevlance rate : 1.1% of the population over 18  7.2 people out of 1000  51 million worldwide at any one time

Graph showing recovery of Schizophrenics

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