Unit 1 Review

Neolithic Era  Stone tools  Domestication of plants and animals  Early societies  Technology  metallurgy

Agricultural Transition  Groups of people organized into political units  Populations began growing due to food surpluses  Trade developed between societies  More and more mass migration of people

Social Distinction  Caste system  Gender roles/status  Role of agriculture  Crucial part of civilization

Epic of Gilgamesh  Mesopotamian epic poem  Deals with search for immortality

Mesopotamia  Traded with other civilizations as far away as the Indus River Valley  Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers  Polytheistic religion – reinforced by the environment  Loose collection of city states

Ziggurat  Mesopotamia  Built by kings to show political power  Served as a religious temple

Hammurabi’s Code  First set of codified laws  Mesopotamia  Strict, punishment fits the crime

Assyrians  Mesopotamia  Established the idea of empire

Bronze Metallurgy  Created by combining copper and tin  Replaced stone tools  Used to create tools and weapons

Cuneiform  First system of writing  Mesopotamia  Record keeping  Led to the development of formal, bureaucratic governments

Israel

Hittites  Conquered Egypt  Skilled warriors  Introduced chariots

Egypt  Well organized society – lasting empires  Believed in afterlife – pyramids  Pharoah  For the most part polytheistic  Akhenaton favored monotheism

Pyramids  Egypt  Constructed for the pharaohs as their final resting spot  Showed the power of the paharaohs

Hyksos  Semitic people  Conquered Egypt during the Middle Kingdom  Introduced bronze and chariots to Egypt

Hieroglyphics  Egypt  Writing system  Use of pictures to depict words and ideas

Harappan Society  Earliest know civilization in the Indus River Valley  Evidence of trade between Harappans and Mesopotamia

Aryans  Conquerors of India  Brought religious ideas to India  Ie - Hinduism

Indus River Civilizations  Along the Indus River  Harappans and Mohenjo-Daro  Very little is known, because written records have not been deciphered

Caste System  Social system in India  Enforced rules about social behavior

Jati  Subcaste in the Indian Caste System

Karma  Hindu belief  Your actions determine your fate in life and life after reincarnation

Xia Dynasty  Early Chinese dynasty  Little known history due to the destruction of written records and literature by the Qin emperor

Shang Dynasty  Mandate of heaven  Powerful priestly class  Bronze casting was a huge accomplishment

Mandate of Heaven  Chinese idea introduced by the Shang  King/emperor is viewed as an intermediary between heaven and earth

Olmec  Mesoamerica – located in modern day Mexico  Polytheistic  Known for human head sculptures

Maya  Mesoamerica – modern day Mexico  Traded with Olmec  Polytheistic  Popul Vuh – the Mayan story of creation

Chavin Cult  South American society  Percursor to the Inca  Domesticated the llama as a work animal

Austronesians  Aboriginal people of Australia  Maintained hunting-gathering practices

Polynesians  Island people of the south Pacific  Turned to agricultural life style and began settling

Paleolithic Age  Time simple tools were developed

Bantu  Groups of African people that migrated to the southern portions of the African continent.  Introduced metallurgy and agriculture to many parts of southern Africa  Many aspects of their culture are still seen in Africa today