The creation of Pakistan on 14 th Aug was the culmination of a struggle that began in 1857 to overthrow British rule over the subcontinent. The British came to subcontinent in 17 th century for the purpose of trade and merchandising. Soon they displaced the Mughal Muslim rulers, who had been in the power of 650 years. Prior to Muslim rulers, the Hindus and British rulers the original tribes and Dravidians, were ruling the region. Many cultures and races have been involved in shaping the destiny of this region. Hence, its important to understand the history of the subcontinent in order to appreciate how and how Pakistan was created. Making of Pakistan

Battle of 1857

Root –War of Independence 1857 Preaching of Christianity Lard Macuauly’s education system Sex was considered in civil law rather then in criminal law The title of King after Bahadur Shah Zafar was abolished by British. Rules were dictated by British Unemployment

Ancient Times

Ancient Time The history of sub-continent started off way back to Stone Age. This was an age of hunting and gathering Though there was some elementary agriculture.

Indus Valley Civilization The Stone age is followed by Indus valley civilization (3000 to 3500 BC) Thousands years ago the part of India was called the Indus Valley civilization The Indus River is the site of one of the earliest appearances of civilization. It contained two major civilization Mohenjo Daro and Harappa which may date to 3500 BC. This was the period of sophisticated agriculture, trade and commerce, art and architecture, cities and buildings, religion and rites. The Indus Valley civilization is also known as Harappan culture because Harappa, which was discovered by accident, was the first city to be excavated by archeologists.

Cotton is known to have been grown in India as early as 3,000 BC, but was almost certainly grown much earlier. Ancient Indians are known to have worn brightly colored clothes. The early Indus River culture is the least studied of the five great river valley cultures

Urban Centers The civilization encompassed about 2,000 towns and villages, many of which were mathematically planned. These are the world's first planned cities. The largest city was Mohenjo-Daro. The people lived in baked mud brick houses two and three stories high, and had sewage systems. Each home had its own private drinking well and its own private bathroom. Clay pipes led from the bathrooms to sewers located under the streets. Some scholars are convinced that Indus cities did not develop slowly over time. This suggests whoever built these cities seems to have developed the mathematics and technology in some other place.

Indus Priest/King Statue

God and Goddess

Seals

Economy The basis of the economy as the other river valley civilizations was agriculture. The Indus people used irrigation to water their fields. The main crops were barley, wheat, and a variety of vegetables and fruits. Animals, including the long-horned, humped bull, were domesticated. Cotton appears to have been the principal plant used for clothing. It was woven and dyed. Wheel-made clay was made and decorated with animal and geometric motifs. Illustration of fish on the seals suggest that fishing was an important part of the economy. The long-horned bull was a central image in the Indus culture and interestingly remains important in subsequent Indian iconography

Bronze Age culture The Indus people were a bronze Age culture. Copper and bronze were in use. They used bronze tools. Some scholars believe that they may have acquired bronze technology from the Sumerians. They did not, however, develop iron technology. The Indus people were also traders, trade was carried out through the sea.

The Dravidians

This very civilization was followed by the Indus Valley civilization. It was said that this civilization was coexisted within the Indus Valley civilization They had high degree of culture, with a religion and established Social Institutions.

The Aryans

The Aryans invaded subcontinent around 1500 BC. (Originally from central Asia and entered from Subcontinent from the North-West. Traveled from Sapta Sindhu or the Seven Rivers’, in the area from Kabul to Jumna Rivers. Aryans continued their advance eastward, conquering a large part of the Ganges Plain and later crossing the Vindiyas to enter the Deccan Plateau. Aryans referred to conquering Dravidians and native tribe of Indus civilization They were farmers by nature They worshiped natural phenomena The religious rituals of Aryans were derived from Dravidians and later it resulted in Hinduism

Hinduism Polytheistic religion They believe in cast and categories That all cast are determine from birth not through one’s achievement in life. At that time subcontinent was divided into different sub- political units. (Many kingdom) The largest Hindu kingdom was establish during the regime of King Ashoka (250 B.C) At the battle of Kalinga it was thought that Ashoka embrace Buddhism. Even at that time Hinduism wasn’t dominant religion. 6 th century – Introduction of new religion “Buddhism” This religion was contrary to Hinduism believes of cast system

Thought they established their own independent regions in subcontinent but couldn’t survive.

Evolution of Muslim society in Subcontinent

The establishment of Muslim society in subcontinent was due to 3 elements. Arab Traders: Arab had trade and business relations with the inhabitants of subcontinents Many Arab traders had their own resorts and properties in subcontinents for the purpose of trade After advent of Islam in 610 entire Arab converted to Islam Arab traders also converted to Islam. Its being said that, their humble behavior was one of the reason that why people in subcontinent converted to Islam The inhabitants of Malabar (Karalla), Kolaam (Traquor), Gujarat (Kathiyawar) also converted to Islam Along with trading the Arabs also preached about Islam

Newly converted professor T.W Arnold wrote in his book that, Samari (The last King of Malabar) got inspired from the group of Muslims on the visit to Sri Lanka However the advent of Muslim society in Sindh was initiated by Muhammad Bin Qasim’s invasion 1. Root cause of invading Sindh - After the successful invasion of Iran during the Khilafat of Hazrat Umer (R.A) the Arab’s came across to the rulers of Sindh. - Until the condition of Arab’s (In terms of trade) weren't deteriorated the idea of attacking Sindh was not given serious consideration.

The root cause of invading Sindh The rule of Sindh Raja Dahir being famous for his cruelness. In 703 the fire of invading Sindh reached to maximum when the inhabitants of Sindh murdered the Governor of Makraan and approached towards Sindh for shelter In reaction of this very act, Hijaaj-bin-yousuf questioned of sending back to the culprits, which was rejected from Raja Dahir This led to conflict among Arabs and Sindh administration

2. The plunder of Arab’s by inhabitants of Sindh In Sri Lanka, the Arab (traders) residents died. In condolence, the King sent gifts to orphans, widows to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf for Banomia Walid-Bin-Abdul Malik (Khalifa-e-Islam) Near Thatha the entire travelers were looted by naval robbers. Hijaaj Bin Yousuf questioned on this very act to Raja Dahir, the reply given to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf was disappointed. The planning of taking over Sindh was started from this particular point Hijaaj Bin Yousuf finally decided to take over Sindh through the help of Muhammad Bin Qasim

Muhammad Bin Qasim ( ) - The Successor Muhamamd Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in battles of Debal and Raward As the large no of man died in battle so women burned themselves according to the Hindu customs Though he kept taking over the possession of areas such as Barhama Abad, Ayloor (near Rohrdi), then Multan The inhabitants of Multan fought for 2 months at last they lost and the entire possession of Multan handed over to Muhammad Bin Qasim Thouhg he could have conquered more if the new Governor of Banomiya weren't sent him to imprisonment

He ruled Sindh for about 3 years. It was said that he gave religious rights to all peoples. The civil security and religious rights were guaranteed, as he said that your temples will be safe and secure as all others religious groups. It was said that his humble behavior was the reason locals converted to Islam even though they were free to spent their life according to their religion.

Sultan Mehmood Gaznawi – (997 – 1930) In his 33 years tenure he molest subcontinent 17 times with immaculate success. Defeated the rulers of Kangdra, Mithar, Thanseer, Kanooj and Somnaat In 1027 Punjab become the part of Mahmood Gaznavi’s state and how Lahore became the centre of Islamic culture.

Pakistan’s fabricated history

History written in Pakistan had been “dictated” by the ruling establishment The nation could not hope to make any real progress, unless distortion were removed. We project our leaders actions out of proportion, in terms of abandoning their black and white Modern history is leading on the same path Historians like Dr Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, S.M. Ikram and Moinul Haq wrote history, as dictated by dictators Some historians negated our ancient Indian and South Asian roots and tried to establish our links with Central Asia or with the Middle East

Gen Ayub in fact replaced the subject of history in school curriculum with social studies and the history departments of the universities in the country accordingly produced textbooks which contained articles by pro-Establishment writers