Battle of Quebec – 1759 Battle of Quebec – 1759 James Wolf vs. Marquis de Montcalm James Wolf vs. Marquis de Montcalm Quebec taken in night raid up cliffs Quebec taken in night raid up cliffs 1760 – Montreal fell 1760 – Montreal fell French flag in Canada for last time French flag in Canada for last time

1763-peace settlement - harsh on Indians 1763-peace settlement - harsh on Indians French lose all lands in North America French lose all lands in North America British given Florida from Spain British given Florida from Spain 1763: Britain dominant power in North 1763: Britain dominant power in North

Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763: Ottawa chief Pontiac 1763: Ottawa chief Pontiac Violent raids against British in Ohio Violent raids against British in Ohio 2,000 frontier colonists killed 2,000 frontier colonists killed alliance of tribes alliance of tribes British retaliation British retaliation Biological warfare (smallpox on blankets) Biological warfare (smallpox on blankets) Crushed uprising (cruel) Crushed uprising (cruel) British realized stability necessary w/ Indians British realized stability necessary w/ Indians

Colonial Views French and Indian War French and Indian War Made colonists realize British were beatable Made colonists realize British were beatable Great tension b/t British “regulars” & colonists Great tension b/t British “regulars” & colonists War extremely costly for British (overseas) War extremely costly for British (overseas) American Merchants American Merchants traded with West Indies w/o permission traded with West Indies w/o permission by 1763, British denied all exports from leaving New England & Middle colonies by 1763, British denied all exports from leaving New England & Middle colonies Many colonies did not provide troops/money for war Many colonies did not provide troops/money for war Wanted rights of Englishmen Wanted rights of Englishmen No credit given to colonists by British No credit given to colonists by British

Colonial Disunity Causes: Causes: Great distances between colonies Great distances between colonies 1,000 miles N/S; 300 miles E/W 1,000 miles N/S; 300 miles E/W Geographical barriers (rivers, forests, swamps) Geographical barriers (rivers, forests, swamps) Conflicting religions (Catholics, Quakers, Puritans) Conflicting religions (Catholics, Quakers, Puritans) Varied nationalities Varied nationalities Different colonial governments Boundary disputes Different colonial governments Boundary disputes Resentment of backcountry settlers against wealthy colonists Resentment of backcountry settlers against wealthy colonists

Proclamation of 1763 Am. Colonists wanted to expand westward Am. Colonists wanted to expand westward Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited settlement west of Appalachians by colonists Prohibited settlement west of Appalachians by colonists Passed to work out problems with Indians Passed to work out problems with Indians Protested and ignored by colonists Protested and ignored by colonists They fought in F&I War & should benefit They fought in F&I War & should benefit New American destiny apparent New American destiny apparent Began to tire of British restrictions Began to tire of British restrictions British tired of unruly colonists British tired of unruly colonists

French hoped British would lose colonies French hoped British would lose colonies French no longer in America; *willing to help later (Am. Rev.) French no longer in America; *willing to help later (Am. Rev.) Troubles w/ Spanish and Indians decrease Troubles w/ Spanish and Indians decrease