© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 Therapies 15

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 2 Psychotherapy Specialized process where trained professional uses psychological methods Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods –Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight –Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight –Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms of teaching Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 3 Psychotherapy Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient divulging personal data Ethical Standards –Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in best interest of client and society –Careful consideration given to alternatives –Therapist treats only within limits of expertise Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 4 Psychotherapy Ethical Standards –Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated –Rules and laws of confidentiality followed –No abuse of therapist-client relationship –Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders, races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 5 Therapies Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud –Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts –Imbalance in id, ego, and superego –Conscious insight can resolve conflicts –Special therapy techniques may be used Free association Dream interpretation Interpretation of resistance (from vague forms to specific resistance) Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 6 Therapies Psychoanalysis –Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s relationships with own parents and other authority figures –Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort (some insight gained) –Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition Identifies sources of depression and goals for therapy process; very successful outcomes Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 7 Therapies Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers –People not born with unconscious mind –Client-centered therapy or person-centered Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to explore own hidden emotions Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive regard, empathy) –Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and emotions Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 8 Therapies Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls –Humanistic psychotherapy approach –Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions –Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater self-awareness –Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive, challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 9 Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) –Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate experiences through Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Modeling –Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns adaptive behaviors –Cognitions less important Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 10 Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) –Fear reduction methods using Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations experienced for gradual mastery Use of modern technology - computer- generated virtual reality Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 11 Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) –Social skills training Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 12 Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) –Cognitive restructuring Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and thinking Effective for treating anxiety, depression Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of thinking about themselves Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 13 Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) –Cognitive restructuring Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress Therapies –Selective abstraction –Overgeneralization –Arbitrary interference –Magnification and minimization –Personalization –Absolutistic thinking

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide Allocation Initial3 wks3 mos6 mos9 mos Self-help booklet CBT Untreated What works best?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 15 Group and Family Therapy Group therapy –Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees experience more effective than individual therapy techniques Receives encouragement from others Sees problem experienced by others Learn from others’ advice Learn new ways to interact with others Format of group therapy varies widely Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 16 Group and Family Therapy Family therapy –Group composed of family members –Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic, and behavioral approaches –Beliefs Family issues at root of problem Dynamics of family system need analysis – function of each need to be understood Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 17 Group and Family Therapy Family therapy –Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by improving functioning of family system Give family members insights and correct family dysfunctions Increase warmth and intimacy in family Improve family member communication Help members establish reasonable set of rules for family regulation Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 18 Human Diversity Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health –U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not cover all citizens Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric hospitals (often involuntarily) Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 19 Human Diversity Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues –U.S. mental health system Fewer women receive mental health services than men Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes –Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 20 Human Diversity Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy –Advocates equal relationship in therapy –Encourage women to see how society limited them to dependent roles –Encourage women to become aware of their anger; find constructive ways of expressing –Have women define selves as independent –Women encouraged to consider own needs –Women should develop nontraditional skills Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 21 Drug therapy –Widely used to treat abnormal behavior –Commonly used psychiatric drugs –Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) –Transcranial stimulation Magnetic field used on frontal cortex Therapies Effexor Paxil Prozac Zorloft Xanax Geodon Haldol Navane Risperdal Zyprexa Depakote Epilim

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 22 Medical Therapies Psychosurgery –Trephining –Prefrontal labotomy –Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today Capuslotomy Cingulotomy Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 23 Trephining operations were apparently performed in the Middle Ages to treat abnormal behavior

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 24 The End 15 Therapies