1 Chapter 4 Human Populations

2 Chapter Four Readings & Objectives Required Readings Cunningham & Cunningham, Chapter Four Objectives At the end of this lesson, you should be able to summarize historic factors that have contributed to human population growth; calculate doubling times for different annual growth rates; describe Malthusian and Marxian theories of limits to population growth, and explain why technological optimists and supporters of social justice oppose these theories; explain the process of demographic transition and why it produces a temporary population surge; understand how changes in life expectancy, infant mortality, women's literacy, standards of living, and democracy affect population changes; evaluate pressures for and against family planning in traditional and modern societies; compare modern birth control methods and think about a personal family planning agenda.

3 Chapter Four Key Terms McGraw-Hill Course Glossary McGraw-Hill Course Glossary  birth control  crude birth rate  crude death rates  demographic transition  demography  dependency ratio  family planning  life expectancy  neo-Malthusians  pronatalist pressures  total fertility rate  zero population growth (ZPG)

4 Chapter Four - Topics Population growth Limits to growth: some opposing views Human demography Population growth: opposing factors Demographic transition Family planning and fertility control The future of human populations

5 Part 1: Population Growth World population now 6.47 billion (Oct 12, 2005) Click here for current US and World population estimates ->

6 Current Birth and Death Rates Every second: about 4 children are born, while about 2 other people die Net gain: 2.3 humans added to the world population every second, 72 million added every year

7 Human Population Levels Throughout History ADD FIG. 4.2

8 ADD TABLE 4.1

9 Part 2: Limits to Growth Varying Perspectives Overpopulation causes resource depletion and environmental degradation Human ingenuity and technology will allow us to overcome any problems - more people may be beneficial Resources are sufficient to meet everyone's needs - shortages are the result of greed, waste, and oppression

10 Decisions on how many children to have are influenced by many factors, including culture, religion, politics, need for old-age security, and immediate family finances.

11 Part 3: Human Demography Demography - vital statistics about people, such as births and deaths Two demographic worlds Less-developed counties represent 80% of the world population, but more than 90% of projected growth Richer countries tend to have negative growth rates What a stupid term…click below for definition of "third", "second", and "first" worlds…

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13 By 2050, India will probably be the world's most populous country. (297)

14 Fertility and Birth Rates Fecundity - physical ability to reproduce Fertility - the actual production of offspring Crude birth rate - number of births per year per thousand people Total fertility rate - number of children born to an average woman during her reproductive life Zero population growth (ZPG) - occurs when births + immigration just equal deaths + emigration

15 Regional Declines in Total Fertility Rates

16 China's one-child- per-family policy decreased the country's fertility rate from 6 to 1.8 in two decades. However, the policy is very controversial.

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18 As incomes rise, so does life expectancy.

19 Living Longer: Demographic Implications A population growing by natural increase has more young people than does a stationary population. Dependency ratio - the number of nonworking individuals compared to working individuals - declining in countries such as the U.S. and Japan If current trends continue, by 2100 the median age in the U.S. will be 60.

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21 Part 4: Population Growth - Opposing Factors Pronatalist pressures Factors that increase people's desires to have children Birth reduction pressures Factors that tend to reduce fertility

22 U.S. Birth Rates:

23 Population doubling time Doubling time in years = 70 growth percent The population of Nicaragua is increasing 2.7 percent per year, what is the doubling time.

24 Part 5: Demographic Transition Optimistic view - world population will stabilize during this century Pessimistic view - poorer countries of the world are caught in a "demographic trap" - helping poor countries will only further threaten the earth's resources Social justice view - overpopulation due to a lack of justice, not resources

25 Demographic Transition Accompanying Economic and Social Development

26 Demographic Transition Economic and social conditions change mortality and births Many countries are in a demographic transition

27 Factors that help stabilize populations: Growing prosperity and social reforms Availability and access of technology Historic pattern Modern communication and cross- national inspirations and/or deterrence

28 Improving women’s lives helps reduce birth rates Why is it important to empower women more than even men to reduce birth rates?

29 Family planning Birth control

30 Peer discussion Which population control approach are you in favor of a) By increasing social justice b) aggressively enforcing birth control

31 Fig. 4.13

32 Fertility rate and Women's Rights

33 Part 7: The Future of Human Populations