Chapter 4: Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung The mind/psyche has three parts: Ego The personal unconscious The collective unconscious Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung Parts of the mind: Ego The conscious part of personality Embodies the sense of self Similar to Freud’s concept of ego Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung Parts of the mind: The personal unconscious Contains thoughts that are not currently part of conscious awareness Not only threatening and unacceptable material, but all non-conscious material Contains past and “future” material Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung Parts of the mind: The collective unconscious A deeper level of the unconscious Shared with the rest of humanity Contains archetypes universal emotional symbols Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung Archetypes: Animus/Anima Persona and Shadow Mother Male element in a woman/female element in a man Persona and Shadow Socially acceptable front vs. dark and unacceptable side of personality Mother Embodiment of generativity and fertility Hero and Demon Strong force for good vs. cruelty and evil Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung Complexes A “complex” is a group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme Jung created a word association test to study complexes The pattern of words produced reveals the complex Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung Example word-association test: As soon as a word appears, say aloud the first word you think of Words will appear one by one Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Head Green Water Death Ship Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung The four functions of the mind: Sensing Thinking Feeling Intuiting Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung The two major attitudes of the mind: Extroversion Directs psychic energy toward things in the external world Introversion Directs psychic energy inward Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung 4 functions 2 attitudes 8 types (4 x 2) Typology Each person has a “best fit” to one type Determined by the person’s dominant function and dominant attitude Forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alfred Adler “Individual Psychology” Emphasizes the importance of social conditions on personality Three fundamental social issues: Occupational tasks Societal tasks Love tasks Expansion of Freud’s approach to increase emphasis on society and social relations Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alfred Adler Striving for superiority The central core of personality Inferiority complex Superiority complex (compensating for sense of inferiority) Organ inferiority—everyone is born with some physical weakness Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alfred Adler Aggression drive Masculine protest the drive to lash out against the inability to achieve something A reaction to perceived helplessness Masculine protest the individual’s attempt to be competent and independent (both boys and girls) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alfred Adler Superiority striving Perfection striving Striving to obtain power and superiority over one’s own inferiority Perfection striving Striving to meet fictional goals Fictional goals reflect an individual's view of perfection Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alfred Adler Birth order and family dynamics Current findings First-born children Second-born children Last-born children Current findings Frank Sulloway First born: success and achievement Later born: revolutionary and creative Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alfred Adler Personality Typology Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Karen Horney Feminist neo-analytic theory Rejection of Freudian notion of penis envy Envy of masculine freedoms and privileges Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Karen Horney Basic anxiety—a child’s fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure Styles of coping with basic anxiety Passive (complying) Aggressive (fighting) Withdrawn (disengaging) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Karen Horney Different aspects of the self Real self The inner core of personality Despised self Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings Ideal self One’s view of perfection “Tyranny of the should” Goal of psychoanalysis is acceptance of the Real Self Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Karen Horney When alienated from the Real Self, people develop neurotic coping strategies Moving toward Striving to make others happy and gain love Moving against Striving for power and recognition Moving away Withdrawal of emotional investment Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other Neo-Analysts Anna Freud Heinz Hartmann Emphasized social influences on the ego Gave the ego more power Studied children and teens Heinz Hartmann The “father of ego psychology” Gave the ego more autonomy Id and ego in compensatory relationship Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Object Relations Theories Focus on the importance of relations with others in defining ourselves Margaret Mahler Theory of symbiosis (mother-child) Symbiotic psychotic (no sense of self) Normal symbiotic (healthy ego) Emphasized the importance of parenting skills Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Object Relations Theories Melanie Klein The first significant child psychoanalyst Developed technique of play therapy Heinz Kohut Fear of loss (of parent) Narcissistic personality disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erik Erikson Neoanalytic stage theory Continues throughout life Unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory, not focused on libido and sexual gratification Structured as a series of “ego crises” to be resolved Outcome of successful resolution of each stage is an “ego skill” mastered Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erik Erikson Erikson’s Stage Theory (early stages) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erik Erikson Erikson’s Stage Theory (later stages) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Some Modern Approaches to Identity Jonathan Cheek Personal versus social self Communal/collective identity and relational identity Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder) Dispositional and situational orientations Personal projects, personal strivings, life tasks Possible selves The search for a meaningful life (not empty self- esteem) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Analogy Humans are conscious actors and strivers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Advantages Importance of the goal-oriented nature of humans Acknowledges impact of society and culture Development continues throughout the life cycle Emphasizes the self as it struggles to cope with emotions on the inside and the demands of the world on the outside Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Limits Unconcerned with biology and fixed personality structures A hodgepodge of different ideas from different traditions Relies on abstract or vague concepts Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach View of free will Though personality is largely determined by unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to overcome these Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Common assessment techniques Varies from free association to situational and autobiographical study, with an emphasis on self-concept Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach Implications for therapy As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner motives is key But because the ego is central, there is less concern with unconscious motivation Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.