Psychological Aspects of Physical Disorders DSM-IV and Physical Disorders DSM-IV and Physical Disorders  Coded on Axis III  Recognize that psychological factors can affect medical conditions Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Factors Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Factors  Major contributors to medical illness and disease Examples include STDs, cancer, cardiovascular diseases Examples include STDs, cancer, cardiovascular diseases

Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Aspects of Health Two Primary Paths Two Primary Paths  Psychological factors can influence basic biological processes  Behavior patterns may put people at risk for disease 50% of the Leading Causes of Death in the U.S. Are Linked to Behavior Patterns 50% of the Leading Causes of Death in the U.S. Are Linked to Behavior Patterns

Stress Definition Definition  Behavioral and Physiological Response  Key Role of Perception Effects Effects

General Adaptation Syndrome ALARMALARM RESISTANCERESISTANCE EXHAUSTIONEXHAUSTION

Factors Affecting Response to Stress Interpretation of Stressors Interpretation of Stressors A Sense of Control A Sense of Control Coping Skills Coping Skills Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy Health and Wellness Behaviors Health and Wellness Behaviors Social Support Social Support Immune System Functioning Immune System Functioning

Immune System Immune System Function Immune System Function  Identifies and Kills Antigen Invaders  Identifies and Kills Body’s Own Cells

Stress and the Immune System Lowers Immune System Functioning Lowers Immune System Functioning Increases the Risk of Infection Increases the Risk of Infection Effects are Often Rapid Effects are Often Rapid

Psychological and Behavioral Factors HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Cancer Cancer Cardiovascular Problems Cardiovascular Problems Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Others Others

Treatment and Outcome Available Treatments Available Treatments  Biofeedback  Relaxation Procedures  Hypnosis  Stress Management  Others Prevention Prevention  Lifestyle and behavior patterns Obstacles Obstacles  Denial  Noncompliance

Changing Behavior to Promote Health Lifestyle practices – core of many health problems  Behavioral risk factors are also influenced by psychosocial factors  Prevention and intervention programs target behavioral risks

Changing Behavior to Promote Health (continued) Types of lifestyle behaviors  Injury and injury prevention Repeated warnings are not enough  AIDS Highly preventable by changing behaviors  China and smoking cessation programs  Diet, exercise, promotion of health and wellness  Stanford Three Community Study

Self Control Behavioral Excesses Behavioral Excesses  Immediate Reinforcers vs Delayed Punishers  Immediate Reinforcers vs Cummulatively Significant Punishers  Immediate Reinforcers vs Delayed Reinforcers for Desired Behavior Behavioral Deficiencies Behavioral Deficiencies  Immediate Small Punishers vs Cummulatively Significant Reinforcers  Immediate Small Punishers vs Immediate but Highly Improbable Major Punisher  Immediate Small Punisher vs Delayed Major Punisher