Reasoning deduction, induction, abduction Problem solving.

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Presentation transcript:

Reasoning deduction, induction, abduction Problem solving

 Deduction: ◦ derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises. e.g.If it is Friday then she will go to work It is Friday Therefore she will go to work.  Logical conclusion not necessarily true: e.g.If it is raining then the ground is dry It is raining Therefore the ground is dry

 When truth and logical validity clash … e.g.Some people are babies Some babies cry Inference - Some people cry Correct?  People bring world knowledge to bear

"All men are mortal. Socrates was mortal. [Therefore] all men are Socrates." -- Woody Allen (Love and Death)

 Induction: ◦ generalize from cases seen to cases unseen e.g.all elephants we have seen have trunks therefore all elephants have trunks.  Unreliable: ◦ can only prove false not true … but useful!  Humans not good at using negative evidence e.g. Wason's cards.

Is this true? How many cards do you need to turn over to find out? …. and which cards? If a card has a vowel on one side it has an even number on the other 7 E 4 K

 reasoning from event to cause e.g.Sam drives fast when drunk. If I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk.  Unreliable: ◦ can lead to false explanations

Problem space theory ◦ problem space comprises problem states ◦ problem solving involves generating states using legal operators ◦ heuristics may be employed to select operators e.g. means-ends analysis ◦ operates within human information processing system e.g. STM limits etc. ◦ largely applied to problem solving in well-defined areas e.g. puzzles rather than knowledge intensive areas

 Analogy ◦ analogical mapping:  novel problems in new domain?  use knowledge of similar problem from similar domain ◦ analogical mapping difficult if domains are semantically different  Skill acquisition ◦ skilled activity characterized by chunking  lot of information is chunked to optimize STM ◦ conceptual rather than superficial grouping of problems ◦ information is structured more effectively

Types of error  slips ◦ right intention, but failed to do it right ◦ causes: poor physical skill,inattention etc. ◦ change to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slip  mistakes ◦ wrong intention ◦ cause: incorrect understanding humans create mental models to explain behaviour. if wrong (different from actual system) errors can occur